开口箭中甾体皂甙元含量的测定

利用香草醛—高氯酸作为显色剂，使用可见分光光度法测定了神农架民间习用药物开口箭中甾体皂甙元的含量。     

山西岩溶地貌形态特征与形成过程

山西是北方岩溶发育大省。文章介绍了其特有的一些形态特征和地貌组合,并探讨了影响其发育的因素及形成的2个主要时期。     

Fibronectin requirement in branching morphogenesis

Many organs, including salivary glands, lung and kidney, are formed during embryonic development by epithelial branching. In branching morphogenesis, repetitive epithelial cleft and bud formation create the complex three-dimensional branching structures characteristic of many organs. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, one might involve the site-specific accumulation of some regulatory protein. Here we show that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin is essential for cleft formation during the initiation of epithelial branching. Fibronectin messenger RNA and fibrils appeared transiently and focally in forming cleft regions of submandibular salivary-gland epithelia, accompanied by an adjacent loss of cadherin localization. Decreasing the fibronectin concentration by using small interfering RNA and inhibition by anti-fibronectin or anti-integrin antibodies blocked cleft formation and branching. Exogenous fibronectin accelerated cleft formation and branching. Similar effects of fibronectin suppression and augmentation were observed in developing lung and kidney. Mechanistic studies revealed that fibrillar fibronectin can induce cell-matrix adhesions on cultured human salivary epithelial cells with a local loss of cadherins at cell-cell junctions. Thus, fibronectin expression is required for cleft formation in branching morphogenesis associated with the conversion of cell-cell adhesions to cell-matrix adhesions.     

The morphogenesis of feathers

Feathers are highly ordered, hierarchical branched structures that confer birds with the ability of flight. Discoveries of fossilized dinosaurs in China bearing 'feather-like' structures have prompted interest in the origin and evolution of feathers. However, there is uncertainty about whether the irregularly branched integumentary fibres on dinosaurs such as Sinornithosaurus are truly feathers, and whether an integumentary appendage with a major central shaft and notched edges is a non-avian feather or a proto-feather. Here, we use a developmental approach to analyse molecular mechanisms in feather-branching morphogenesis. We have used the replication-competent avian sarcoma retrovirus to deliver exogenous genes to regenerating flight feather follicles of chickens. We show that the antagonistic balance between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a critical role in feather branching, with BMP4 promoting rachis formation and barb fusion, and noggin enhancing rachis and barb branching. Furthermore, we show that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for inducing apoptosis of the marginal plate epithelia, which results in spaces between barbs. Our analyses identify the molecular pathways underlying the topological transformation of feathers from cylindrical epithelia to the hierarchical branched structures, and provide insights on the possible developmental mechanisms in the evolution of feather forms.     

庐山石韦总黄酮的提取工艺初探

分别采用微波提取法、碱液提取法、60％丙酮提取法、55％乙醇提取法提取庐山石韦中的黄酮类化合物，并以芦丁为标准品，测定各提取物中的总黄酮含量，并比较它们的黄酮得率和含量。结果表明，60％丙酮提取法、55％乙醇提取法明显优于碱液提取法和微波提取法，而且55％乙醇为提取溶剂时效果最佳。     

Orchestrating size and shape during morphogenesis

Living organisms exhibit tremendous diversity, evident in the large repertoire of forms and considerable size range. Scientists have discovered that conserved mechanisms control the development of all organisms. Drosophila has proved to be a particularly powerful model system with which to identify the signalling pathways that organize tissue patterns. More recently, much has been learned about the control of tissue growth, tissue shape and their coordination at the cellular and tissue levels. New models integrate how specific signals and mechanical forces shape tissues and may also control their size.     

Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture

Balanced organogenesis requires the orchestration of multiple cellular interactions to create the collective cell behaviours that progressively shape developing tissues. It is currently unclear how individual, localized parts are able to coordinate with each other to develop a whole organ shape. Here we report the dynamic, autonomous formation of the optic cup (retinal primordium) structure from a three-dimensional culture of mouse embryonic stem cell aggregates. Embryonic-stem-cell-derived retinal epithelium spontaneously formed hemispherical epithelial vesicles that became patterned along their proximal-distal axis. Whereas the proximal portion differentiated into mechanically rigid pigment epithelium, the flexible distal portion progressively folded inward to form a shape reminiscent of the embryonic optic cup, exhibited interkinetic nuclear migration and generated stratified neural retinal tissue, as seen in vivo. We demonstrate that optic-cup morphogenesis in this simple cell culture depends on an intrinsic self-organizing program involving stepwise and domain-specific regulation of local epithelial properties.     

Requirement of yeast fimbrin for actin organization and morphogenesis in vivo

The SAC6 gene was found by suppression of a yeast actin mutation. Its protein product, Sac6p (previously referred to as ABP67), was independently isolated by actin-filament affinity chromatography and colocalizes with actin in vivo. Thus Sac6p binds to actin in vitro, and functionally associates with actin structures involved in the development and maintenance of cell polarity in vivo. We report here that Sac6p is an actin-filament bundling protein 43% identical in amino-acid sequence to the vertebrate bundling protein fimbrin. This yeast fimbrin homologue contains two putative actin-binding regions homologous to domains of dystrophin, beta-spectrin, filamin, actin-gelation protein and alpha-actinin. Mutants lacking Sac6p do not form normal actin structures and are defective in morphogenesis. These findings demonstrate an in vivo role for the well-documented biochemical interaction between fimbrin and actin.     

Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs

Plants with altered microRNA metabolism have pleiotropic developmental defects, but direct evidence for microRNAs regulating specific aspects of plant morphogenesis has been lacking. In a genetic screen, we identified the JAW locus, which produces a microRNA that can guide messenger RNA cleavage of several TCP genes controlling leaf development. MicroRNA-guided cleavage of TCP4 mRNA is necessary to prevent aberrant activity of the TCP4 gene expressed from its native promoter. In addition, overexpression of wild-type and microRNA-resistant TCP variants demonstrates that mRNA cleavage is largely sufficient to restrict TCP function to its normal domain of activity. TCP genes with microRNA target sequences are found in a wide range of species, indicating that microRNA-mediated control of leaf morphogenesis is conserved in plants with very different leaf forms.     

海洛因对小脑皮质Bax表达的影响

目的 探索海洛因对小脑皮质Bax蛋白（bcl-x protein Bax）表达的影响.方法 肌肉注射海洛因,建立成瘾大鼠模型,用免疫组化方法检测小脑细胞Bax的表达.结果 连续给大鼠注射海洛因7d后,大鼠出现明显的戒断症状;小脑细胞中Bax表达阳性细胞比对照组明显增多,与对照组比有显著性差异（P＜0.01）.结论 海洛因具有诱导Bax基因表达、损伤脑组织细胞的作用.     

建立离体培养形态发生过程中蛋白质及过氧化物同工酶的研究

比较了建兰（Cymbidium ensfolium)根状茎分化前后可溶性蛋白与过氧化物同工酶的变化。发现可溶性蛋白质23ku,57ku,65ku,93ku含量稳定,21ku,51ku,73ku和81ku只在根状茎时期出现,28ku,30ku在分化中出现。过氧化物同工酶C1、C2,C9、C10在分化前后均有表达,而C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8伴随分化而出现。     

Deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA in patients with mitochondrial myopathies

In vitro studies of muscle mitochondrial metabolism in patients with mitochondrial myopathy have identified a variety of functional defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, predominantly affecting complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) or complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) in adult cases. These two enzymes consist of approximately 36 subunits, eight of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The increased incidence of maternal, as opposed to paternal, transmission in familial mitochondrial myopathy suggests that these disorders may be caused by mutations of mtDNA. Multiple restriction endonuclease analysis of leukocyte mtDNA from patients with the disease, and their relatives, showed no differences in cleavage patterns between affected and unaffected individuals in any single maternal line. When muscle mtDNA was studied, nine of 25 patients were found to have two populations of muscle mtDNA, one of which had deletions of up to 7 kilobases in length. These observations demonstrate that mtDNA heteroplasmy can occur in man and that human disease may be associated with defects of the mitochondrial genome.     

Bax基因在不同组织细胞中的表达

Ｂａｘ基因在不同组织细胞中的表达陈亚兵，曾桂生，蔡毓，俞春东，陈华，温龙平（肿瘤细胞工程国家专业实验室）近年来，细胞编程死亡已成为细胞生物学研究的热点．细胞编程死亡是在组织、器官、系统发育成熟过程中发生的一种自杀性细胞死亡现象，无功能或老化细胞通过此...     

菟丝子提取物对小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

利用免疫组织化学超敏SP法检测SD大鼠摘除卵巢前后及菟丝子提取物治疗后小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化,探讨菟丝子提取物对大鼠小脑皮质和深层核团中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响.结果,摘除双侧卵巢,小脑皮层及小脑深层核团中Bax阳性细胞数及其表达强度不同程度上升,而Bcl-2阳性细胞数及其表达强度不同程度降低;菟丝子提取物治疗后,Bax和Bcl-2的表达不同程度地恢复.结论:中药菟丝子提取物能够不同程度地下调小脑皮层及小脑深层核团中Bax蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达,从而对小脑神经元具有保护作用.