云南景谷盆地及陇川盆地新生代生物群特征及环境地质意义

通过对云南景谷盆地及陇川盆地新生代生物群特征的对比,探讨了新生代两大盆地环境演变:早中新世到上新世为湖盆发展期→湖盆扩大→萎缩期,气候为早期的干燥→中新世早期的温暖湿润→中新世中晚期的寒冷阴湿→上新世的干燥,而中新世中晚期湖盆的扩大形成的半深湖-深湖环境为油气的形成提供了有利条件。尽管两大盆地在沉积环境的演化上大体一致,但气候和沉积环境的演变和差异决定了两大断陷盆地生物面貌上的差异,从而直接控制了化石燃料形成的类型和质量     

宁南盆地构造演化探讨

目的 探讨宁南盆地发生、发展与消亡的构造演化历程.方法 通过磁性地层学研究标准剖面寺口子组的沉积时代.结果 寺口子组年龄为47.1～29.1 MaB.P.,地层时代对应于中始新世鲁帝特期-早渐新世鲁培尔期.结论 至中新世晚期以前,宁南盆地具有和周缘其他同期地堑相似的构造动力学环境和沉积地层特征,属于伸展作用下的拉张断陷.之后,随着青藏构造域影响的增强和扩展,六盘山隆升,宁南盆地发生构造反转并抬升消亡遭受改造.上新世中晚期以来,宁南地区的地质地貌逐渐定型并趋向于现今盆山相间的弧形构造格局.     

文莱-沙巴盆地油气地质特征及勘探前景

以现有研究成果为基础,综合利用钻井、地震等资料,对文莱-沙巴盆地构造演化和沉积充填特征进行了研究,重点分析了文莱-沙巴盆地烃源岩、储集层和盖层等油气地质特征和成藏条件。研究认为,文莱-沙巴盆地新生代经历了始新世-早中新世的俯冲增生期和中中新世-第四纪的快速沉降期2个构造演化阶段,其中始新世-早渐新世发育滨浅海-浊积扇-半深海-深海沉积体系,早中新世主要发育三角洲-滨浅海-半深海-深海沉积体系,中中新世-第四纪发育三角洲-滨浅海-半深海-深海-浊积扇沉积体系。文莱-沙巴盆地发育煤系和陆源海相烃源岩2类烃源岩、主要发育中中新统和上中新统2套储层、发育层间局部盖层缺乏区域性盖层,发育2套自生自储型成藏组合。文莱-沙巴盆地深水区的逆冲推覆带是下一步有利的勘探区带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘渭北隆起中新生代构造抬升及演化

应用磷灰石裂变径迹定年技术研究鄂尔多斯盆地南缘渭北隆起抬升期次及演化过程.对渭北隆起不同地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析结果表明,渭北地区主要经历了3期主要抬升过程,主要发生在146～ 125 Ma,107～83.8 Ma和40 ～ 27.3 Ma.结合前人对该地区原型盆地、构造变形特征等研究成果认为,早白垩世末之前渭北隆起应为大型鄂尔多斯盆地的一部分,整体以沉降沉积为主,此时尚未隆起;渭北隆起的形成和演化可分为晚白垩世整体抬升阶段和始新世～渐新世以来的断块翘倾两大阶段.晚白垩世渭北地区整体抬升主要受控于秦岭造山带中晚燕山期的抬升过程;始新世-渐新世以来的断块敲倾作用阶段,与秦岭造山带始新世以来的快速隆升,以及渭河盆地新生代的快速断陷作用有关.     

豫西渑池盆地沉积剖面粒度特征及其环境意义

渑池盆地是黄河中游的一处峡谷,周边的黄河两岸是中华民族的重要发祥地之一.研究盆地区全新世以来的环境变化过程对新石器时代人类文明的研究具有重要意义.本文通过对渑池盆地池底村古湖泊沉积进行剖面观察、连续采样、14C年代测定(校正为日历年龄)和粒度组成分析,发现剖面沉积物的粒度特征较好地反映了渑池盆地的古气候和古湖泊水位变化情况.剖面粒度组成和粒度参数等变化特征揭示,渑池盆地末次冰盛期以来古湖盆流域的气候环境演化序列为:19 543～8 039 cal.a BP期间,早期对应于末次冰期,气候比较干燥,古湖泊尚未形成,进入全新世气候由干冷向暖湿化方向转变,古湖泊开始形成;8 039～3 473 cal.a BP期间,气候环境处在一个相对比较稳定的时期,此阶段相当于全新世大暖期,气候温暖湿润,湖泊水位最高;3 473～2 897 cal.a BP期问,气候波动剧烈,总体上气候较前一段干旱,湖泊水位下降;2 897～2 422 cal.a BP期间,气候干旱,古湖泊干涸.渑池盆地的环境变化过程与周边地区有较好的对应性.     

南苏门答腊盆地北部新生代层序地层格架及有利储层分布

南苏门答腊盆地是在欧亚、印度洋-澳大利亚、太平洋三大板块交汇处发育起来的新生代弧后裂谷沉积盆地,经历了一次完整的海进—海退旋回。应用层序地层学的原理和方法,综合研究盆地北部钻井、测井及地震资料,确定4种层序界面识别标志,在盆地北部新生代始新世—中新世识别出2种类型层序界面:不整合面和沉积作用转换面。南苏门答腊盆地北部新生代始新世—中新世发育8个具有等时意义的层序界面,将其划分为7个三级层序。分析层序格架内基准面上升期与下降期地层叠加样式及沉积相构成特征,认为冲积扇、河流、三角洲和盆底低位扇等沉积体系是南苏门答腊盆地北部最重要的勘探目标,有利的岩性储集相带主要分布在基准面上升期,为后期盆地勘探的潜在领域,特别要重视对邻近不整合面或沉积作用转换面位置的储集层精细描述,选择有利相带进行钻探与评价。     

北乌斯丘尔特盆地构造及沉积演化规律研究

北乌斯丘尔特盆地为中亚地区西北部图兰平原上的大陆多旋回-克拉通盆地,盆地构造演化经历了基底形成期、被动边缘期、裂谷期、裂谷后期、挤压期、上第三系坳陷期6个阶段,区域性的构造演化控制了北乌盆地沉积格局的复杂变迁。总体上,盆地沉积环境经历了基底期(花岗岩、变质岩)→被动边缘期,晚泥盆世-石炭纪(海相)→裂谷期,晚二叠世-三叠纪(陆相)→裂谷后期,侏罗纪-白垩纪(海陆过渡、海相)→挤压期,始新世后期-中新世(海、陆相共存)→上第三系坳陷期,上新世-全新世时期(陆相)这些阶段的演变,最终导致了盆地海相、陆相和碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩等多种沉积环境及岩石类型并存的沉积建造。     

晚新生代元谋盆地演化与河谷发育研究

元谋盆地是在晚新生代青藏高原与云南高原隆起过程中形成的众多断陷盆地之一,流经元度盆地的龙川江和金沙江。其河谷发育与盆地演化具有密切关系,通过对元谋盆地及其邻区的层次地貌与相关沉积的分析研究,认为,始新世晚期￣中新世晚期是夷平面形成时期,中新世晚期￣３．４０ＭａＢＰ前后是第一级剥蚀面形成时期;元谋盆地形成于３．４０ＭａＢＰ前后第一级剥蚀面解体过程中,其后盆地经历了３．４０￣１．７８ＭａＢＰ的古湖形成     

西藏达金砾岩沉积环境、有孔虫时代及其大地构造意义

达金砾岩是日喀则弧前盆地沉积序列的重要组成部分,由深海-浅海相凝灰质浊积岩和含有孔虫碎屑岩组合.有孔虫主要为Nummulites,Assilina,Alveolina和Lockhartia,与加拉孜砾岩、麦拉砾岩和岗巴、定日地区的有孔虫相一致,其发育时代为始新世.综合分析达金砾岩和青藏高原地区始新世沉积环境变化和有孔虫的空间分布特征,结果表明始新世海相沉积作用在雅鲁藏布江缝合带两侧仍然继续存在;始新世末期该区可能发生构造隆升作用,使得弧前盆地出露海面,由海相沉积渐变为巨厚的陆相沉积.     

西藏达金砾岩沉积环境、有孔虫时代及其大地构造意义

达金砾岩是日喀则弧前盆地沉积序列的重要组成部分，由深海浅海相凝灰质浊积岩和含有孔虫碎屑岩组合.有孔虫主要为Nummulites,Assilina,Alveolina和Lockhartia，与加拉孜砾岩、麦拉砾岩和岗巴、定日地区的有孔虫相一致，其发育时代为始新世.综合分析达金砾岩和青藏高原地区始新世沉积环境变化和有孔虫的空间分布特征，结果表明始新世海相沉积作用在雅鲁藏布江缝合带两侧仍然继续存在；始新世末期该区可能发生构造隆升作用，使得弧前盆地出露海面，由海相沉积渐变为巨厚的陆相沉积.     

No extreme bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift

Major ice sheets were permanently established on Antarctica approximately 34 million years ago, close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at the same time as a permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans. Until recently, it was thought that Northern Hemisphere glaciation began much later, between 11 and 5 million years ago. This view has been challenged, however, by records of ice rafting at high northern latitudes during the Eocene epoch and by estimates of global ice volume that exceed the storage capacity of Antarctica at the same time as a temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth approximately 41.6 million years ago. Here we test the hypothesis that large ice sheets were present in both hemispheres approximately 41.6 million years ago using marine sediment records of oxygen and carbon isotope values and of calcium carbonate content from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. These records allow, at most, an ice budget that can easily be accommodated on Antarctica, indicating that large ice sheets were not present in the Northern Hemisphere. The records also reveal a brief interval shortly before the temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth during which the calcite compensation depth shoaled, ocean temperatures increased and carbon isotope values decreased in the equatorial Atlantic. The nature of these changes around 41.6 million years ago implies common links, in terms of carbon cycling, with events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and with the 'hyperthermals' of the Early Eocene climate optimum. Our findings help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the geological records of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and model results that indicate that the threshold for continental glaciation was crossed earlier in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.     

对青藏地区有重大影响的构造运动与岩浆响应事件

探讨了对青藏地区有重大影响的几次构造运动与岩浆响应事件的关系。结果表明 :青藏高原的形成发展过程中 ,随着构造活动由北向南的迁移 ,不同特提斯阶段的发育也呈现出一种自北而南的变化 ,岩浆响应事件也由超基性 /基性向酸性和碱性方向演化 ,最终在后特提斯阶段变为以钾玄岩系列为主的岩石组合特征。并且青藏地区在经历了特提斯阶段的几次构造运动及南北大陆对接以后的白垩纪末 -始新世陆 -陆碰撞、渐新世 -中新世高原雏形的形成和上新世以来高原快速隆升的陆内变形作用以后 ,就形成了今天这种“高、大、平”的独特地貌景观。     

Recent Advances in the Small Mammal Biostratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy of Lanzhou Basin

The consensus view among geologists is that the Lanzhou Basin sequence of sediments contains the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, but where this occurs is unknown. Indeed, this is the crux of the issues concerning mid-Tertiary paleontology in Asia: what fauna corresponds with this time? What turnover events or distinctive taxa signal the beginning of the Miocene epoch? Once known, this will be of broad usefulness because vertebrate-bearing deposits are widespread in Asia and can be used to date basin sediments. Lanzhou and other basins permit a means of correlating to the time scale by using fauna and paleomagnetic data locally, and ultimately radiometric data from distant localities, to develop a precise biochronology. Herein, we summarize faunal constraints, primarily those of small mammal taxa, on correlation of the Lanzhou magnetozone sequence to the magnetic time scale. We conclude that the lower part of the Xianshuihe Formation contains the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, and that the top of the formation, both in the south and north parts of the basin, is middle Miocene in age. Rodents from lower white sand units of the Xianshuihe Formation, correlate to the Xiejia assemblage of the Xining Basin, Qinghai Province, and are early, but not earliest, Miocene age. The implication for rodent faunas of the epoch boundary is that they retained a mainly "Oligocene" composition, and that other presumed late Oligocene assemblages may be, in fact, early Miocene in age. The Lanzhou appearance of Proboscidea is 19-18 Ma, as expected.     

Deep-water Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum （EOGM） in South Atlantic

The most prominent cooling event of the Earth surface during Cenozoic in the long-term transition from a non-glaciated planet, or “green-house world”, to a polar, glaciated planet, or “ice-house world”, is the Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum (EOGM) above the Eocene/Oligocene boundary at about 33.7 Ma. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotopes, carbonate content, and coarse fraction, along with high-resolution color reflectance and magnetic susceptibility records during 35-30 Ma, from deep-water Sites 1262 and 1265, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 208 in South Atlantic, reveal the global cooling event occurring in both surface and deep oceans. The results show that the earliest Oligocene δ^18O values during 33.5-33.1 Ma represent the magnitude of continental ice sheets on east Antarctica and indicate the large decrease in both surface and deep water temperatures of worldwideoceans. The δ^13C records show the large excursion during the period of EOGM event and indicate some types of shift in global carbon reservoir, probably demonstrating the sudden increase in organic carbon burial rates and the changes in the distribution and timing of production. At the same time, lithologic composition, carbonate content, color reflectance, and coarse fraction brought about significant changes close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, reflecting the abrupt deepening in the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Changes in carbonate content were revealed from the color reflectance identify periodicities associated with eccentricity of the Earth‘s orbit (100 and 400 ka), further indicating orbitally forced global climate variations in the Early Oligocene.     

Continental ice in Greenland during the Eocene and Oligocene

The Eocene and Oligocene epochs (approximately 55 to 23 million years ago) comprise a critical phase in Earth history. An array of geological records supported by climate modelling indicates a profound shift in global climate during this interval, from a state that was largely free of polar ice caps to one in which ice sheets on Antarctica approached their modern size. However, the early glaciation history of the Northern Hemisphere is a subject of controversy. Here we report stratigraphically extensive ice-rafted debris, including macroscopic dropstones, in late Eocene to early Oligocene sediments from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea that were deposited between about 38 and 30 million years ago. Our data indicate sediment rafting by glacial ice, rather than sea ice, and point to East Greenland as the likely source. Records of this type from one site alone cannot be used to determine the extent of ice involved. However, our data suggest the existence of (at least) isolated glaciers on Greenland about 20 million years earlier than previously documented, at a time when temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were substantially higher.     

Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean

The ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution is termed the calcite compensation depth. At present, this depth is approximately 4,500 m, with some variation between and within ocean basins. The calcite compensation depth is linked to ocean acidity, which is in turn linked to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and hence global climate. Geological records of changes in the calcite compensation depth show a prominent deepening of more than 1 km near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (approximately 34 million years ago) when significant permanent ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica, but the relationship between these two events is poorly understood. Here we present ocean sediment records of calcium carbonate content as well as carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions from the tropical Pacific Ocean that cover the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We find that the deepening of the calcite compensation depth was more rapid than previously documented and occurred in two jumps of about 40,000 years each, synchronous with the stepwise onset of Antarctic ice-sheet growth. The glaciation was initiated, after climatic preconditioning, by an interval when the Earth's orbit of the Sun favoured cool summers. The changes in oxygen-isotope composition across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary are too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone and must therefore also indicate contemporaneous global cooling and/or Northern Hemisphere glaciation.     

南海海盆演变与深部海流

 南海在距今34 Ma之前的始新世从陆地变为海洋,古水深不断加深,至距今24 Ma之前的中新世/渐新世之交,由于T60构造运动,南海海盆整体进入深海环境。但是,自中新世以来随着吕宋岛弧向欧亚板块碰撞,南海海盆的半封闭程度在距今10.0、6.5、3.0和1.2 Ma之前加剧,导致南海深部海水只能来自巴士海峡海槛深度2600 m以浅的太平洋。此后,巴士海峡两侧的南海与太平洋深部海水交换,由于全球海平面变化,呈现冰期/间冰期模式。     

Cooler winters as a possible cause of mass extinctions at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary

The Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at about 33.7 Myr ago, marks one of the largest extinctions of marine invertebrates in the Cenozoic period. For example, turnover of mollusc species in the US Gulf coastal plain was over 90% at this time. A temperature change across this boundary--from warm Eocene climates to cooler conditions in the Oligocene--has been suggested as a cause of this extinction event, but climate reconstructions have not provided support for this hypothesis. Here we report stable oxygen isotope measurements of aragonite in fish otoliths--ear stones--collected across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Palaeo-temperatures reconstructed from mean otolith oxygen isotope values show little change through this interval, in agreement with previous studies. From incremental microsampling of otoliths, however, we can resolve the seasonal variation in temperature, recorded as the otoliths continue to accrete new material over the life of the fish. These seasonal data suggest that winters became about 4 degrees C colder across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We suggest that temperature variability, rather than change in mean annual temperature, helped to cause faunal turnover during this transition.     

Eocene/Oligocene ocean de-acidification linked to Antarctic glaciation by sea-level fall

One of the most dramatic perturbations to the Earth system during the past 100 million years was the rapid onset of Antarctic glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene epoch boundary (approximately 34 million years ago). This climate transition was accompanied by a deepening of the calcite compensation depth--the ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution. Changes in the global carbon cycle, rather than changes in continental configuration, have recently been proposed as the most likely root cause of Antarctic glaciation, but the mechanism linking glaciation to the deepening of calcite compensation depth remains unclear. Here we use a global biogeochemical box model to test competing hypotheses put forward to explain the Eocene/Oligocene transition. We find that, of the candidate hypotheses, only shelf to deep sea carbonate partitioning is capable of explaining the observed changes in both carbon isotope composition and calcium carbonate accumulation at the sea floor. In our simulations, glacioeustatic sea-level fall associated with the growth of Antarctic ice sheets permanently reduces global calcium carbonate accumulation on the continental shelves, leading to an increase in pelagic burial via permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth. At the same time, fresh limestones are exposed to erosion, thus temporarily increasing global river inputs of dissolved carbonate and increasing seawater delta13C. Our work sheds new light on the mechanisms linking glaciation and ocean acidity change across arguably the most important climate transition of the Cenozoic era.     

A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate are regulated on geological timescales by the balance between carbon input from volcanic and metamorphic outgassing and its removal by weathering feedbacks; these feedbacks involve the erosion of silicate rocks and organic-carbon-bearing rocks. The integrated effect of these processes is reflected in the calcium carbonate compensation depth, which is the oceanic depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved. Here we present a carbonate accumulation record that covers the past 53 million years from a depth transect in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The carbonate compensation depth tracks long-term ocean cooling, deepening from 3.0-3.5?kilometres during the early Cenozoic (approximately 55?million years ago) to 4.6 kilometres at present, consistent with an overall Cenozoic increase in weathering. We find large superimposed fluctuations in carbonate compensation depth during the middle and late Eocene. Using Earth system models, we identify changes in weathering and the mode of organic-carbon delivery as two key processes to explain these large-scale Eocene fluctuations of the carbonate compensation depth.