共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
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Carolyn J. Anderson 《Journal of Classification》2013,30(2):276-303
Multiple choice items on tests and Likert items on surveys are ubiquitous in educational, social and behavioral science research; however, methods for analyzing of such data can be problematic. Multidimensional item response theory models are proposed that yield structured Poisson regression models for the joint distribution of responses to items. The methodology presented here extends the approach described in Anderson, Verkuilen, and Peyton (2010) that used fully conditionally specified multinomial logistic regression models as item response functions. In this paper, covariates are added as predictors of the latent variables along with covariates as predictors of location parameters. Furthermore, the models presented here incorporate ordinal information of the response options thus allowing an empirical examination of assumptions regarding the ordering and the estimation of optimal scoring of the response options. To illustrate the methodology and flexibility of the models, data from a study on aggression in middle school (Espelage, Holt, and Henkel 2004) is analyzed. The models are fit to data using SAS. 相似文献
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Many problems entail the analysis of data that are independent and identically distributed random graphs. Useful inference
requires flexible probability models for such random graphs; these models should have interpretable location and scale parameters,
and support the establishment of confidence regions, maximum likelihood estimates, goodness-of-fit tests, Bayesian inference,
and an appropriate analogue of linear model theory. Banks and Carley (1994) develop a simple probability model and sketch
some analyses; this paper extends that work so that analysts are able to choose models that reflect application-specific metrics
on the set of graphs. The strategy applies to graphs, directed graphs, hypergraphs, and trees, and often extends to objects
in countable metric spaces. 相似文献
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Syntactic and structural models specify relationships between their constituents but cannot show what outcomes their interaction
would produce over time in the world. Simulation consists in iterating the states of a model, so as to produce behaviour over
a period of simulated time. Iteration enables us to trace the implications and outcomes of inference rules and other assumptions
implemented in the models that make up a theory. We apply this method to experiments which we treat as models of the particular
aspects of reality they are designed to investigate. Scientific experiments are constantly designed and re-designed in the
context of implementation and use. They mediate between theoretical understanding and the practicalities of engaging with
the empirical and social world. In order to model experiments we need to identify and represent features that all experiments
have in common. We treat these features as parameters of a general model of experiment so that by varying these parameters
different types of experiment can be modelled.
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D. C. GoodingEmail: |
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In this paper we discuss two approaches to the axiomatization of scientific theories in the context of the so called semantic
approach, according to which (roughly) a theory can be seen as a class of models. The two approaches are associated respectively
to Suppes’ and to da Costa and Chuaqui’s works. We argue that theories can be developed both in a way more akin to the usual
mathematical practice (Suppes), in an informal set theoretical environment, writing the set theoretical predicate in the language
of set theory itself or, more rigorously (da Costa and Chuaqui), by employing formal languages that help us in writing the
postulates to define a class of structures. Both approaches are called internal, for we work within a mathematical framework, here taken to be first-order ZFC. We contrast these approaches with an external one, here discussed briefly. We argue that each one has its strong and weak points, whose discussion is relevant for the
philosophical foundations of science. 相似文献
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Manuel Escabias Ana M. Aguilera M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo 《Journal of Classification》2014,31(3):296-324
In many statistical applications data are curves measured as functions of a continuous parameter as time. Despite of their functional nature and due to discrete-time observation, these type of data are usually analyzed with multivariate statistical methods that do not take into account the high correlation between observations of a single curve at nearby time points. Functional data analysis methodologies have been developed to solve these type of problems. In order to predict the class membership (multi-category response variable) associated to an observed curve (functional data), a functional generalized logit model is proposed. Base-line category logit formulations will be considered and their estimation based on basis expansions of the sample curves of the functional predictor and parameters. Functional principal component analysis will be used to get an accurate estimation of the functional parameters and to classify sample curves in the categories of the response variable. The good performance of the proposed methodology will be studied by developing an experimental study with simulated and real data. 相似文献
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Visual Models in Analogical Problem Solving 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Visual analogy is believed to be important in human problem solving. Yet, there are few computational models of visual analogy.
In this paper, we present a preliminary computational model of visual analogy in problem solving. The model is instantiated
in a computer program, called Galatea, which uses a language for representing and transferring visual information called Privlan.
We describe how the computational model can account for a small slice of a cognitive-historical analysis of Maxwell’s reasoning
about electromagnetism. 相似文献
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In educational measurement, cognitive diagnosis models have been developed to allow assessment of specific skills that are needed to perform tasks. Skill knowledge is characterized as present or absent and represented by a vector of binary indicators, or the skill set profile. After determining which skills are needed for each assessment item, a model is specified for the relationship between item responses and skill set profiles. Cognitive diagnosis models are often used for diagnosis, that is, for classifying students into the different skill set profiles. Generally, cognitive diagnosis models do not exploit student covariate information. However, investigating the effects of student covariates, such as gender, SES, or educational interventions, on skill knowledge mastery is important in education research, and covariate information may improve classification of students to skill set profiles. We extend a common cognitive diagnosis model, the DINA model, by modeling the relationship between the latent skill knowledge indicators and covariates. The probability of skill mastery is modeled as a logistic regression model, possibly with a student-level random intercept, giving a higher-order DINA model with a latent regression. Simulations show that parameter recovery is good for these models and that inclusion of covariates can improve skill diagnosis. When applying our methods to data from an online tutor, we obtain reasonable and interpretable parameter estimates that allow more detailed characterization of groups of students who differ in their predicted skill set profiles. 相似文献
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Mohammadreza Zolfagharian Reza Akbari Hamidreza Fartookzadeh 《Foundations of Science》2014,19(2):189-207
Having entered into the problem structuring methods, system dynamics (SD) is an approach, among systems’ methodologies, which claims to recognize the main structures of socio-economic behaviors. However, the concern for building or discovering strong philosophical underpinnings of SD, undoubtedly playing an important role in the modeling process, is a long-standing issue, in a way that there is a considerable debate about the assumptions or the philosophical foundations of it. In this paper, with a new perspective, we have explored theory of knowledge in SD models and found strange similarities between classic epistemological concepts such as justification and truth, and the mechanism of obtaining knowledge in SD models. In this regard, we have discussed related theories of epistemology and based on this analysis, have suggested some implications for moderating common problems in the modeling process of SD. Furthermore, this research could be considered a reword of system dynamics modeling principles in terms of theory of knowledge. 相似文献
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We devise a classification algorithm based on generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) technology. The algorithm incorporates
spline smoothing, additive model-type structures and model selection. For reasons of speed we employ the Laplace approximation,
rather than Monte Carlo methods. Tests on real and simulated data show the algorithm to have good classification performance.
Moreover, the resulting classifiers are generally interpretable and parsimonious. 相似文献
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Identifiablity of Models for Clusterwise Linear Regression 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
C. Hennig 《Journal of Classification》2000,17(2):273-296
The model choice and the interpretation of the parameters are discussed as
well as the use of the identifiability concept for fixed partition models.
The concept is generalized to "partial identifiability". 相似文献
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The objective of this paper is to develop a GME formulation for the class of spatial structural equations models (S-SEM).
In this respect, two innovatory aspects are introduced: (i) the formalization of the GME estimation approach for structural
equations models that account for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence; (ii) the extension of the methodology to a
panel data framework. We also present an application of the method to real data finalized to investigate disparities of unemployment
rates in OECD countries over the period 1998-2006. 相似文献
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Mechanistic models in molecular systems biology are generally mathematical models of the action of networks of biochemical reactions, involving metabolism, signal transduction, and/or gene expression. They can be either simulated numerically or analyzed analytically. Systems biology integrates quantitative molecular data acquisition with mathematical models to design new experiments, discriminate between alternative mechanisms and explain the molecular basis of cellular properties. At the heart of this approach are mechanistic models of molecular networks. We focus on the articulation and development of mechanistic models, identifying five constraints which guide the articulation of models in molecular systems biology. These constraints are not independent of one another, with the result that modeling becomes an iterative process. We illustrate the use of these constraints in the modeling of the mechanism for bistability in the lac operon. 相似文献
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Christian Hennig 《Foundations of Science》2010,15(1):29-48
To explore the relation between mathematical models and reality, four different domains of reality are distinguished: observer-independent
reality (to which there is no direct access), personal reality, social reality and mathematical/formal reality. The concepts
of personal and social reality are strongly inspired by constructivist ideas. Mathematical reality is social as well, but
constructed as an autonomous system in order to make absolute agreement possible. The essential problem of mathematical modelling
is that within mathematics there is agreement about ‘truth’, but the assignment of mathematics to informal reality is not
itself formally analysable, and it is dependent on social and personal construction processes. On these levels, absolute agreement
cannot be expected. Starting from this point of view, repercussion of mathematical on social and personal reality, the historical
development of mathematical modelling, and the role, use and interpretation of mathematical models in scientific practice
are discussed. 相似文献