Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese lakes and their driving mechanisms since the Last Glacial Maximum: A review and synthesis of lacustrine sediment archives

In this article,the author provides the first synthesis and classification of available environment-indicating proxies for lacustrine sediment.A review of spatio-temporal variations in lakes from the Tibetan Plateau,the dry areas of Northwestern China,the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the plains of Eastern China since the LGM is then provided.The driving mechanism for variations in lake processes and characteristics is also discussed based on various temporal scales.The author then proposes that future investigations be conducted to:(1) strengthen the study of theoretics and interpretation of environment-indicating proxies,(2) enhance the study of high-resolution time series and spatial variability of lake environment evolution,(3) provide more attention on the influence of human activities on lake environments,and(4) boost construction of the Quaternary lake database of China.     

An analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions

Since Westman(1977) and Ehrlich(1982) put forward the concepts of "the service of nature" and "ecosystem service functions",respectively,methods for conducting value accounting for them,and their practical application have become the subjects of intense study.Based on an overview of available research findings,we discuss three scientific hypotheses.First,the terrestrial ecosystem offers both positive and negative service functions.Second,changes in terrestrial ecosystem service functions lie not only in the number of ecosystem types and the coverage area of each type,but also in their quality.Third,the value of terrestrial ecosystem service functions should be assessed both in terms of the value stocked and the value added.We collected land use data from China during the period 1999-2008,and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data based on remote sensing images from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies for the same period.We then calculated and analyzed spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service values over the 10-year period.Considering temporal change,the total value(stocked) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions decreased from 6.82 trillion Yuan RMB in 1999 to 6.57 trillion Yuan RMB in 2008.During that period,the positive value decreased by 240.17 billion Yuan RMB and the negative value increased by 8.85 billion Yuan RMB.The decrease in total value lies mainly in the humidity control,soil formation,and waste recycling functions.The total value(added) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions increased by 4.31 billion Yuan RMB in 2000,but decreased by 0.13 billion Yuan RMB in 2008(based on the constant price of China in 1999).The value(added) was a negative figure.From the perspective of spatial change,we can see that the supply of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions fell slightly over the past 10 years,mainly in Northeast and Southern China.As a result of human activities on ecosystems,the loss of ecosystem service functions’ value was relatively prominent in Shanxi and Gansu provinces,compared with an increase in value in Shaanxi Province.Terrestrial ecosystem service functions’ value per unit area was relatively high in mid-and East China,showing a prominent spatial change over the 10-year period,but low in Western China.Some conclusions are drawn after an in-depth analysis of the factors causing the spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions,in the hope that our suggestions will be helpful for the management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.     

Spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton composition and quantity distribution in the upper waters around Nansha Islands

This study aims to examine spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton species composition, density and biomass distribution and community structure, based on the data obtained from three separate cruises carded out in November 1997, April and July 1999. Results show that 244 species of zooplankton and 8 groups of planktonic larvae were identified, which were dominated by copepods, followed by amphipods, ostracods and medusae. The total species were 201 and 198 for the cruises of November 1997 and July 1999, respectively, and no obvious seasonal variation of species richness was observed. The distribution of zooplankton species richness decreased from pelagic to coastal waters. Average richness of species in each station was higher in the cruises of November 1997（62） and April 1999（61） than in the cruise in July 1999 （56）, which was mainly a result from the pelagic or coastal water mass movement made by the monsoon. Zooplankton in the upper waters （0--100 m） around Nansha Islands belonged to the typical tropic pelagic fauna, most of them were pelagic warm-water species, followed by coastal warm-water species and euryhaline warm-water species. The number of dominant species ranged from 5 to 7 in each cruise. No obvious seasonal succession of dominant species was ob- served. Sagitta enflata, Cypridina narni, Cosmocalanus darwinii, Pleuromamma gracilis and Echino-pluteus larva were the main dominant species. The average of zooplankton biomass and density in three cruises were 31, 32, 28 mg·m^-3 and 31, 39, 35 ind·m^-3, respectively. Copepods were the most abundant, followed by chaetognaths. Zooplankton high biomass distributed mainly in the northwestern waters around Nansha Islands, and generally occurred in the areas of oceanic front and upweUing. The main reason for zooplankton quantity without obvious seasonal variation was the relative steady temperature dynamics in the waters around Nansha Islands.     

西北地区暴雨时空变化及异常年夏季环流特征

利用中国西北地区248个观测站1981-2010年逐日降水量资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对西北地区暴雨的时空变化及环流异常特征进行了分析.结果表明:暴雨主要出现在陕西、甘肃东南部、宁夏东南部,暴雨出现次数依次由东南向西北减少.暴雨的年际差异较大,年内主要集中在7-8月,两个月的暴雨日数占全年的64%,7月最多,8月次之,区域性暴雨7月下旬最多.西北地区大范围暴雨过程偏多年份夏季(7月和8月),西太平洋副热带高压偏强,西脊点伸到110?E附近,亚洲中高纬度多低值系统活动,低层(700 hPa)来自南海的偏东气流与青藏高原南侧的偏西气流合并为偏南气流向北伸展到西北地区东部,将充沛的水汽输送到这一区域,到达35?N附近与西北气流相遇;反之,西北地区大范围暴雨过程偏少年份夏季(7月和8月),西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,远离大陆,亚洲高纬度多高值系统活动,低层是一支偏北气流控制西北地区东部.     

全球变化背景下森林生态系统碳循环及其管理

森林生态系统碳循环及其管理是全球变化研究的重要主题,同时也是人类维持全球生态系统的物质、能量平衡和自然资源循环再生的一个重要生态学途径。笔者在分析森林碳循环的基本特征及其与全球变化相互联系的基础上,阐述了碳循环及其管理在全球变化研究中的地位和作用,并提出了森林生态系统碳循环管理的内容、方法、措施及途径。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区冰川擦痕级配特征及其空间分布探讨

通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源区一号冰川和七号冰川羊背石上冰川擦痕实测数据的统计分析,探讨了基岩磨光面上冰川擦痕的级配特征．得出冰川擦痕级配服从指数分布,擦痕级配指数分布的参数可以作为描述擦痕密度的指标．在此基础上进一步探讨了擦痕级配参数的空间分布特征及其对冰川动力状况的指示意义．     

鄱阳湖乐安江流域非点源磷输移的时空变化

在鄱阳湖乐安江子流域设立了17个水质采样点,通过实验室测量获得2010年10月—2011年8月河流水体总磷(TP)的浓度数据.数据分析结合模型模拟得出以下结论:监测期内,流域内河流水体TP浓度变化范围为0.024 2~0.358 4 mg/L,水质情况春季最好,秋冬季其次,夏季最差.夏季河流水体TP浓度总体上由上游至下游逐渐增加,其他季节空间上无明显变化规律.降雨径流是TP输出的主要驱动因素,河流水体TP浓度与降雨量变化趋势一致.汛期河流水体TP浓度与土地利用类型的统计模型显示,河流水体TP浓度与耕地和城乡用地面积占流域总面积的比例呈正相关关系,与林地和草地面积占流域总面积的比例呈负相关关系;其中,河流水体TP浓度对耕地、城乡用地及林地面积的变化更为敏感.     

LiFePO4/C的低成本制备及电化学性能研究

以FePO4.2H2O,Li2CO3和蔗糖为原料,采用碳热还原法合成LiFePO4/C材料.高温合成时采用木炭粉代替惰性气体保护以降低成本,对样品进行X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试和电化学性能分析.结果表明:当合成温度为650℃时合成的材料具有较好的电化学性能,0.1倍率下首次放电比容量为153.0 mA.h/g,30次充放电循环后容量保持率为95%,具有良好的循环性能.     

辽南地区末次冰期以来的环境变化

本文通过对大连七顶山黄土剖面的光释光(OSL)年代、磁化率、地球化学元素、粒度特征等数据,综合分析辽南地区末次冰期以来的环境变化过程,研究结果显示:相当于黄土高原马兰黄土的堆积形成时代为距今125ka。在末次冰期早期(MIS4-5d),86-113ka,沉积物质量磁化率介于6.97-24.14×10-8m3kg-1之间,平均值为14.699×10-8m3kg-1;颗粒粒径较细(3.89-5.22准);硅铝率平均值6.756;风化淋溶系数0.4-0.73之间;退碱系数均值0.333;镁铝比均值22.901。与末次冰期晚期相比,质量磁化率值较高,化学元素各项指标值较低,明了该阶段辽南整体气候环境较为干冷,但并未达到末次冰期晚期程度。而在末次冰盛期时(22-31ka,MIS2),磁化率平均值为6.974×10-8m3kg-1,明显低于末次冰期早期,粒度均值处于3.47准-4.77准之间,主要以颗粒较粗的细砂、粗粉砂为主,粒度明显变粗,硅铝率平均为6.998;风化淋溶系数均值为0.829,退碱系数值0.66,镁铝比值均值28.725,各参数比较一致地表明该阶段研究区整体处于干冷的气候环境之下,堆积作用较活跃。而在末次冰期中期(MIS3)时,OSL年代31-86ka,该区气候条件以温暖湿润为主,黄土遭到侵蚀。     

C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂的制备及性能

以二氰二胺、巴比妥酸、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和Zn(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,用水作溶剂,采用焙烧的方法合成了C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂;通过光致发光光谱对其进行了表征.用对苯二甲酸作为探针分子,结合荧光技术研究了C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂表面的羟基自由基形成.以甲基橙为光催化反应的模型化合物,评价了C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂的紫外光催化活性.结果表明:C3N4与ZnO/Fe2O3质量比率对C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂的光催化活性有重要的影响;当C3N4,ZnO和Fe2O3质量比率为10∶1.2∶12.9时所制得的C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合催化剂的紫外光催化活性最好.羟基自由基生成速率的变化趋势与C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合催化剂的光催化活性的变化趋势相吻合.C3N4/ZnO/Fe2O3复合光催化剂的光致发光光谱强度与它的光催化活性之间也有良好的对应关系.     

The climatic variations and development of yellow soil in Beibei since the Holocene epoch

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磁性磷酸银催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用沉积沉淀法制备了四氧化三铁负载磷酸银(Ag3PO4/Fe304)可见光磁性催化剂,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的微观形貌进行了表征.用甲基橙的光催化降解评价了不同负载量的Ag3PO4/Fe304复合催化剂的光催化性能.结果表明:当Ag3PO4负载量为50％时光降解效果最好,在模拟太阳光下,辐照80 min后的降解率可达到90％以上.     

近50年华北地区降水时空变化特征及突变分析

利用1965—2014年华北地区及其周边75个气象站点的日降水资料,采用一元线性趋势、9年滑动平均趋势、滑动t检验、Mann-Kendall检验、反距离空间插值(IDW)等方法,对华北地区四季降水的时空变化特征的研究及突变分析.结果表明:150年来,华北地区降水呈现小幅度下降趋势;春季降水量的减少率为11 mm/10 a.2春季降水量在1980年降水量显著增加,夏季和冬季的降水量没有明显变化,秋季降水量在1977年降水量显著增加.3华北地区降水空间差异性较大.春季和冬季的大部分站点的降水量都小于平均值.夏季降水量最大,空间上表现为东部多、西部少.     

磷对 C_3S-C_2S-C_4A_3-C_4AF-CaSO_4 系统矿物形成及其水泥性能影响的研究

研究了磷对Ｃ４Ａ３Ｓ单矿物及Ｃ３Ｓ－Ｃ２Ｓ－Ｃ４Ａ３Ｓ－Ｃ４ＡＦ－ＣａＳＯ４五元系统矿物形成及其水泥性能的影响。结果表明,少量的磷能改善系统的易烧性,降低烧成温度。当Ｐ２Ｏ５含量小于０．３％时,基本不影响Ｃ３Ｓ的形成,但降低水泥３ｄ强度,而７ｄ,２８ｄ强度增进幅度较大;磷阻碍Ｃ４Ａ３Ｓ单矿物的形成,当Ｐ２Ｏ５达０．５％以上时,系统的Ｃ４Ａ３Ｓ及Ｃ３Ｓ形成量明显减少,ｆ－ＣａＯ升高,水泥各龄期强度均显著降低。     

溶胶碳热还原法制备LiFePO4/C及其性能研究

以廉价的Fe3 为铁源,通过溶胶和碳热还原两步法制备出锂离子正极材料LiFePO4,用XRD、SEM、交流阻抗和恒流充放电方法表征了材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能.结果表明,合成的材料具有橄榄石型晶体结构;碳可以抑制材料颗粒的团聚,降低电极反应阻抗;在0.1 C的放电倍率下,LiFePO4首次放电容量为103.3 mA·h/g,LiFePO4/C在放电倍率0.1 C、0.2 C和0.5 C下的首次放电容量分别为147.9 mA·h/g、133.3 mA·h/g和122.1 mA·h/g, 20次循环后容量衰减率分别为3.0 %、2.7%和2.4%.