硼向奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚

采用高分辨率的径迹显微照相技术,研究了淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界偏聚的规律,定量地测定出跨过奥氏体晶界的硼的成分剖面图以及非平衡晶界偏聚的特征参量(晶界贫硼区宽度、晶界富集程度和富集带宽度)。试验表明,这种偏聚具有如下特征: 在偏聚晶界的二侧存在有一定宽度的贫硼区,晶界偏聚的硼,是在冷却过程中由该区富集而来;这种偏聚对冷却速度很敏感,急速冷却可加以抑制,随冷却速度降低,晶界偏聚由连续的偏聚带,逐步发展为不连续的聚集直至明显的硼相析出,贫硼区宽度与冷却速度的平方根成反比;它的温度关系与平衡晶界偏聚的予吉相反,随淬火温度升高,晶界偏聚程度与贫硼区宽度增加。 试验论证了,淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界的偏聚,与平衡晶界偏聚有明显区别,它是在冷却过程中发生的一种非平衡的晶界偏聚。     

硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚

作者应用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)研究了硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚。实验结果表明,含硼10ppm的Fe-30wt%Ni奥氏体合金,在1050℃以上,不产生硼的平衡晶界偏聚和硼化物析出;但当该合金试样从1050℃以上温度水冷和空冷时,产生硼的非平衡晶界偏聚。这种偏聚是在试样的冷却过程中产生的,其特点是,在一定的冷却速度下,冷却开始温度越高,偏聚量越大;而在一定的冷却开始温度下,试样的冷却速度越小,偏聚量越大。     

硼的晶界非平衡偏聚临界时间和临界冷却速度的确定

本文提出了一种确定晶界非平衡偏聚的临界时间和临界冷却速度的新方法。通过径迹显微照相(PTA),确定出含硼的Fe-30wt％Ni奥氏体合金中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚在不同温度下的临界时间t_0和从不同温度冷却时的临界冷却速度Q_c。     

硼在奥氏体晶界的两种偏聚形式

用PTA方法研究了Fe-30％Ni合金中硼在晶界的偏聚行为。实验表明在550-1200℃保温后用不同方式冷却的试样中存在平衡与非平衡两类硼偏聚,它们各自的形成机制不同,试验条件对它们的影响不同。平衡偏聚在保温时形成,在低温区淬火时起主要作用。在高温加热后,用通常冷却速度淬火时,晶界偏聚主要来源于冷却过程中产生的非平衡偏聚,实际瘁火试样中观察到的硼偏聚是这两类偏聚的叠加。试验指出,Fe-30％Ni合金中偏聚方式有一个转折温度区,这温度受冷却速度影响,在通常冷却速度下,这个转折温度在650～750℃之间。     

硼向奥氏体晶界非平衡偏聚的机制

业已证实,淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界的偏聚,是在冷却过程中发生的一种非平衡的晶界偏聚。本文通过解变温扩散方程,导出了非平衡晶界偏聚的理论公式,建立了晶界贫硼区宽度与淬火加热温度、冷却速度以及非平衡晶界偏聚扩散激活能与扩散常数之间的关系。理论予言与实验结果很好地吻合。 根据实验结果和理论分析,提出这种非平衡晶界偏聚的机制,是在冷却过程中,过饱和空位或双空位带着硼原子向晶界(空位阱)迁移的结果。 基于这种非平衡晶界偏聚的新概念,可以较完满地说明影响硼钢淬透性的众多复杂因素。     

工程合金中空位—溶质原子复合体扩散与非平衡偏聚

通常固体中的扩散被认为是单原子扩散问题 ,并形成完善的平衡偏聚理论 .非平衡偏聚过程是伴随着空位在晶界的湮灭过程发生的 .晶界上可同时存在平衡偏聚与非平衡偏聚 ,存在一个偏聚转折温度 ,在此温度以上 ,非平衡偏聚起主导作用 ,此温度区以下 ,平衡偏聚为主导 .复合体扩散机制可以圆满的解释非平衡偏聚现象 .     

冷却过程中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚实验观察

用硼径迹照相法和透射电镜观察了冷却过程中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚形成过程.实验发现,以2 ℃/s冷速从1150 ℃冷却到640 ℃的过程中,硼在晶界上的非平衡偏聚可以分成扩散行为不同的3个阶段.实验测定了晶界富集因子、富集带宽度、贫硼区宽度和贫化因子等偏聚特征,并对有关现象进行了初步讨论.     

锡的非平衡晶界偏聚临界时间确定

通过固溶处理和等温时效处理及冲击试验等简单方法，确定出连续冷却过程中残留元素Sn在低碳钢中发生的非平衡晶界偏聚及在不同温度下的临界时间tc。     

硼分布对Ni_3Al晶界的影响

用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)和TEM研究了含0.065wt％B的Ni_3Al合金中的硼分布对其晶界的影响。研究表明,当该合金于700、850、1000℃保温并空冷时,存在硼的晶界偏聚,且偏聚量随着保温温度的升高而减少,保温温度为1000℃时,偏聚量很少;保温温度为700℃或850℃时,偏聚量较大。硼晶界偏聚对该合金晶界内聚力的提高起着关键作用,硼的偏聚量较大时,合金呈完全穿晶断裂;硼的偏聚量较少时,合金呈完全沿晶断裂。     

中温大变形量下磷在2．25Cr1Mo钢中的晶界偏聚

采用AES法对中温大变形量下2.25Cr1Mo钢中磷的晶界偏聚现象进行试验研究.通过试验得到磷的晶界偏聚动力学曲线,并对其偏聚规律进行分析.结果表明,磷的晶界偏聚特征是非平衡晶界偏聚,在偏聚的动力学过程中,磷出现了2个偏聚峰值.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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