Realization of the Cirac-Zoller controlled-NOT quantum gate

Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain computational tasks more efficiently than their classical counterparts. The Cirac-Zoller proposal for a scalable quantum computer is based on a string of trapped ions whose electronic states represent the quantum bits of information (or qubits). In this scheme, quantum logical gates involving any subset of ions are realized by coupling the ions through their collective quantized motion. The main experimental step towards realizing the scheme is to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate operation between two individual ions. The CNOT quantum logical gate corresponds to the XOR gate operation of classical logic that flips the state of a target bit conditioned on the state of a control bit. Here we implement a CNOT quantum gate according to the Cirac-Zoller proposal. In our experiment, two 40Ca+ ions are held in a linear Paul trap and are individually addressed using focused laser beams; the qubits are represented by superpositions of two long-lived electronic states. Our work relies on recently developed precise control of atomic phases and the application of composite pulse sequences adapted from nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.     

Demonstration of controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits

Quantum computation requires quantum logic gates that use the interaction within pairs of quantum bits (qubits) to perform conditional operations. Superconducting qubits may offer an attractive route towards scalable quantum computing. In previous experiments on coupled superconducting qubits, conditional gate behaviour and entanglement were demonstrated. Here we demonstrate selective execution of the complete set of four different controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum logic gates, by applying microwave pulses of appropriate frequency to a single pair of coupled flux qubits. All two-qubit computational basis states and their superpositions are used as input, while two independent single-shot SQUID detectors measure the output state, including qubit-qubit correlations. We determined the gate's truth table by directly measuring the state transfer amplitudes and by acquiring the relevant quantum phase shift using a Ramsey-like interference experiment. The four conditional gates result from the symmetry of the qubits in the pair: either qubit can assume the role of control or target, and the gate action can be conditioned on either the 0-state or the 1-state. These gates are now sufficiently characterized to be used in quantum algorithms, and together form an efficient set of versatile building blocks.     

概率门量子进化算法

量子进化算法(QEA)比传统进化算法(EA)有更好的种群多样性和全局寻优能力，但它采用概率操作过程，具有随机性和盲目性．将量子进化算法中的旋转门以概率门代替，在概率分析及实例验证的基础上，说明概率门量子进化算法(PGQEA)能使得对种群选取过程控制在全局优化的方向下，并且能更快地收敛于最优解。     

Demonstration of conditional gate operation using superconducting charge qubits

Following the demonstration of coherent control of the quantum state of a superconducting charge qubit, a variety of qubits based on Josephson junctions have been implemented. Although such solid-state devices are not currently as advanced as microscopic qubits based on nuclear magnetic resonance and ion trap technologies, the potential scalability of the former systems--together with progress in their coherence times and read-out schemes--makes them strong candidates for the building block of a quantum computer. Recently, coherent oscillations and microwave spectroscopy of capacitively coupled superconducting qubits have been reported; the next challenging step towards quantum computation is the realization of logic gates. Here we demonstrate conditional gate operation using a pair of coupled superconducting charge qubits. Using a pulse technique, we prepare different input states and show that their amplitude can be transformed by controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gate operation, although the phase evolution during the gate operation remains to be clarified.     

Experimental realization of the quantum universal NOT gate

In classical computation, a 'bit' of information can be flipped (that is, changed in value from zero to one and vice versa) using a logical NOT gate; but the quantum analogue of this process is much more complicated. A quantum bit (qubit) can exist simultaneously in a superposition of two logical states with complex amplitudes, and it is impossible to find a universal transformation that would flip the original superposed state into a perpendicular state for all values of the amplitudes. But although perfect flipping of a qubit prepared in an arbitrary state (a universal NOT operation) is prohibited by the rules of quantum mechanics, there exists an optimal approximation to this procedure. Here we report the experimental realization of a universal quantum machine that performs the best possible approximation to the universal NOT transformation. The system adopted was an optical parametric amplifier of entangled photon states, which also enabled us to investigate universal quantum cloning.     

二分法在多线量子逻辑门分解中的应用

将经典的对称二分法应用于多线量子可逆逻辑门的分解中,证明当量子位数n≥5且3≤k≤n-2时,任意多线量子可逆逻辑门('k'-CNOT门)可以在没有辅助位的情况下由少于[4「log2(k-2)」+1-3(2「log2(k-2)」+1-k+1)2「log2(k-2)」]个'2'-CNOT门(Toffoli门)构成.利用该方法可以使由多线量子可逆逻辑门分解而生成的物理电路门阵列数大幅下降.与Yang等报道的实验结果相比,'2'-CNOT门的数量级由O(2k)减少为O(k2).     

考虑量子化效应的MOSFET栅电容减小模型

基于改进后的三角势阱近似和n型多晶硅的耗尽以及MOSFET的强反型的情况,建立了一个考虑量子效应的栅电容模型.分别对反型层电容和耗尽层电容进行定义、分析和计算,给出了MOSFETs栅电容解析表达式,并与数值模拟结果进行了比较.结果表明该模型是基于物理的解析模型,具有相当精度,便于电路模拟与设计.     

Demonstration of a quantum teleportation network for continuous variables

Quantum teleportation involves the transportation of an unknown quantum state from one location to another, without physical transfer of the information carrier. Although quantum teleportation is a naturally bipartite process, it can be extended to a multipartite protocol known as a quantum teleportation network. In such a network, entanglement is shared between three or more parties. For the case of three parties (a tripartite network), teleportation of a quantum state can occur between any pair, but only with the assistance of the third party. Multipartite quantum protocols are expected to form fundamental components for larger-scale quantum communication and computation. Here we report the experimental realization of a tripartite quantum teleportation network for quantum states of continuous variables (electromagnetic field modes). We demonstrate teleportation of a coherent state between three different pairs in the network, unambiguously demonstrating its tripartite character.     

量子效应对MOSFETs阈值电压和栅电容的影响

根据改进后的三角势阱场近似,并考虑量子化效应,提出了一种基于物理的阈值电压和栅电容的解析模型,给出了MOSFETs的阈值电压和栅电容的解析表达式,并与经典理论结果进行了比较。     

Low-voltage organic transistors with an amorphous molecular gate dielectric

Organic thin film transistors (TFTs) are of interest for a variety of large-area electronic applications, such as displays, sensors and electronic barcodes. One of the key problems with existing organic TFTs is their large operating voltage, which often exceeds 20 V. This is due to poor capacitive coupling through relatively thick gate dielectric layers: these dielectrics are usually either inorganic oxides or nitrides, or insulating polymers, and are often thicker than 100 nm to minimize gate leakage currents. Here we demonstrate a manufacturing process for TFTs with a 2.5-nm-thick molecular self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gate dielectric and a high-mobility organic semiconductor (pentacene). These TFTs operate with supply voltages of less than 2 V, yet have gate currents that are lower than those of advanced silicon field-effect transistors with SiO2 dielectrics. These results should therefore increase the prospects of using organic TFTs in low-power applications (such as portable devices). Moreover, molecular SAMs may even be of interest for advanced silicon transistors where the continued reduction in dielectric thickness leads to ever greater gate leakage and power dissipation.     

Impossibility of deleting an unknown quantum state

A photon in an arbitrary polarization state cannot be cloned perfectly. But suppose that at our disposal we have several copies of a photon in an unknown state. Is it possible to delete the information content of one or more of these photons by a physical process? Specifically, if two photons are in the same initial polarization state, is there a mechanism that produces one photon in the same initial state and the other in some standard polarization state? If this could be done, then one would create a standard blank state onto which one could copy an unknown state approximately, by deterministic cloning or exactly, by probabilistic cloning. This could in principle be useful in quantum computation, where one could store new information in an already computed state by deleting the old information. Here we show, however, that the linearity of quantum theory does not allow us to delete a copy of an arbitrary quantum state perfectly. Though in a classical computer information can be deleted (reversibly) against a copy, the analogous task cannot be accomplished, even irreversibly, with quantum information.     

Experimental non-classicality of an indivisible quantum system

In contrast to classical physics, quantum theory demands that not all properties can be simultaneously well defined; the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a manifestation of this fact. Alternatives have been explored--notably theories relying on joint probability distributions or non-contextual hidden-variable models, in which the properties of a system are defined independently of their own measurement and any other measurements that are made. Various deep theoretical results imply that such theories are in conflict with quantum mechanics. Simpler cases demonstrating this conflict have been found and tested experimentally with pairs of quantum bits (qubits). Recently, an inequality satisfied by non-contextual hidden-variable models and violated by quantum mechanics for all states of two qubits was introduced and tested experimentally. A single three-state system (a qutrit) is the simplest system in which such a contradiction is possible; moreover, the contradiction cannot result from entanglement between subsystems, because such a three-state system is indivisible. Here we report an experiment with single photonic qutrits which provides evidence that no joint probability distribution describing the outcomes of all possible measurements--and, therefore, no non-contextual theory--can exist. Specifically, we observe a violation of the Bell-type inequality found by Klyachko, Can, Binicio?lu and Shumovsky. Our results illustrate a deep incompatibility between quantum mechanics and classical physics that cannot in any way result from entanglement.     

Kondo effect in an integer-spin quantum dot

The Kondo effect--a many-body phenomenon in condensed-matter physics involving the interaction between a localized spin and free electrons--was discovered in metals containing small amounts of magnetic impurities, although it is now recognized to be of fundamental importance in a wide class of correlated electron systems. In fabricated structures, the control of single, localized spins is of technological relevance for nanoscale electronics. Experiments have already demonstrated artificial realizations of isolated magnetic impurities at metallic surfaces, nanoscale magnets, controlled transitions between two-electron singlet and triplet states, and a tunable Kondo effect in semiconductor quantum dots. Here we report an unexpected Kondo effect in a few-electron quantum dot containing singlet and triplet spin states, whose energy difference can be tuned with a magnetic field. We observe the effect for an even number of electrons, when the singlet and triplet states are degenerate. The characteristic energy scale is much larger than in the ordinary spin-1/2 case.     

一种间歇式升降营养液深度技术的研究与示范

研制成功一种新型无土栽培装置系统,形成了间歇式升降营养液深度技术(IRF-NDT).该系统与Cooper于1973年发明的NFT系统及陈全胜发明的DFT系统比较具有革命性的改进,因为该系统具有以下特性:①水平放置,便于操作管理;②结构简单,安装、拆卸方便;③节省劳力和用水量;④间歇性升降流动的营养液深度;⑤高效自动地调节园艺作物生长根部所需的水分、养分和空气;⑥消毒彻底不产生重复污染;⑦提高单位面积产量;⑧栽培单元可多可少,应用规模可大可小.生产示范表明,该技术适用于马铃薯脱毒微型薯、番茄等多种园艺作物的生产,具有广阔的推广应用前景.     

基于SOA的全光码型变换的理论研究

采用半导体光放大器(SOA)的分段模型,根据SOA有源区内载流子的速率方程、光功率的传输方程及半导体光放大器延迟干涉(SOA-DI)装置的传输方程,对SOA-DI装置实现全光码型变换进行了数值模拟．当输入为10Gbit／s归零(RZ)信号脉冲时,通过调整SOA-DI装置两臂的延迟和位相,在SOA-DI装置的输出端得到了10Gbit／s的非归零(NRZ)信号和NRZ信号的反码．通过数值模拟,发现必须合理选取SOA的注入电流,从而消除幅度调制效应和码型效应的影响．为了保证在转换过程中不丢失信息,在RZ信号中应当加入适当的冗余码。     

Implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum computer

Determining classically whether a coin is fair (head on one side, tail on the other) or fake (heads or tails on both sides) requires an examination of each side. However, the analogous quantum procedure (the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) requires just one examination step. The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm has been realized experimentally using bulk nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, employing nuclear spins as quantum bits (qubits). In contrast, the ion trap processor utilises motional and electronic quantum states of individual atoms as qubits, and in principle is easier to scale to many qubits. Experimental advances in the latter area include the realization of a two-qubit quantum gate, the entanglement of four ions, quantum state engineering and entanglement-enhanced phase estimation. Here we exploit techniques developed for nuclear magnetic resonance to implement the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum processor, using as qubits the electronic and motional states of a single calcium ion. Our ion-based implementation of a full quantum algorithm serves to demonstrate experimental procedures with the quality and precision required for complex computations, confirming the potential of trapped ions for quantum computation.     

Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well

As a result of quantum-confinement effects, the emission colour of semiconductor nanocrystals can be modified dramatically by simply changing their size. Such spectral tunability, together with large photoluminescence quantum yields and high photostability, make nanocrystals attractive for use in a variety of light-emitting technologies--for example, displays, fluorescence tagging, solid-state lighting and lasers. An important limitation for such applications, however, is the difficulty of achieving electrical pumping, largely due to the presence of an insulating organic capping layer on the nanocrystals. Here, we describe an approach for indirect injection of electron-hole pairs (the electron-hole radiative recombination gives rise to light emission) into nanocrystals by non-contact, non-radiative energy transfer from a proximal quantum well that can in principle be pumped either electrically or optically. Our theoretical and experimental results indicate that this transfer is fast enough to compete with electron-hole recombination in the quantum well, and results in greater than 50 per cent energy-transfer efficiencies in the tested structures. Furthermore, the measured energy-transfer rates are sufficiently large to provide pumping in the stimulated emission regime, indicating the feasibility of nanocrystal-based optical amplifiers and lasers based on this approach.     

全光网络中一种新的信令嵌入预留协议的研究

为了提高波长路由网络的性能，在后向预约机制的基础上，提出了一种新的信令嵌入预留协议(SNRP)的构想。为使网络更具可靠性，这种预留方式采用分布式控制机制，主要面向于具有远距离节点的WDM核心网络。详细描述了嵌入式预留协议(NRP)和信令嵌入预留协议(SNRP)，并作出了在不同网络流量的情况下，分别采用SNRP和NRP协议时，网络传送非实时数据包的时延比较和拥塞率的比较，仿真实验表明，使用SNRP能充分地提高网络效率。     

以实验示范中心建设为契机促进实验教学改革

文章阐述了齐齐哈尔大学经济管理实验教学中心以创建校级实验教学示范中心为契机,深入开展实验教学平台建设、实验教学改革等,对经管实验教学示范中心建设的实验教学理念与改革思路、实验教学方法与手段的改革等方面进行了重点阐述。