高校产学研一体化发展的实践与前瞻

本文探讨我国高校产学研一体化发展的必要性、可行性及其前景。从人类社会发展的历史特点入手，并借鉴了美国硅谷发展的经验和我国改革开放推进社会主义市场发展的需求，对高校产学研一体化发展的道路作了论述。针对目前高校产学研一体化中存在的问题，作者提出了加速高校产学研一体化发展的四条建议：1，高校产学研一体化发展必须转变观念，积极参与社会大循环；2，推进高校产学研一体化要有过硬的产品和准确的市场定位；3，高校产学研一体化发展要依托高科技园区，切实解决经费投入问题；4，高校产学研一体化发展要突出以人为本的思想，努力造就发明家和企业家。     

新西兰政府科技投资现状概述

近年来新西兰政府大力调整其科技政策，在建设知识社会的蓝图下，建构了科技投资的基本框架，凸显了知识、经济、环境、社会四大目标，另外通过对投资决策、运行和监督的改革，使政府科技投资的机制更为科学有效，本文还给出了新西兰政府近年来科技投资的分配比例状况，阐明了其投资的重点领域。     

信息系统功能增强的多活性代理方法研究

本文在现有多活性代理复杂信息系统理论及其方法的研究基础上,进一步阐述了多活性代理理论体系的基本概念、活性代理的内涵;提出了活性度的概念、特性以及表征;基于活性度的研究,讨论了通过代理活性保持、协商协调增强信息系统的活性方法.首先,从组成复杂信息系统的集合、空间等概念出发,明确了多活性代理复杂信息系统理论体系所涉及的基本概念,以及这些基本概念之间的关系;其次,根据复杂信息系统功能层次上特点与活性自组织机理,提出了代理活性度的概念,并详细探讨了代理活性度的特性、表征及应用实例;同时,从活性的丧失、感知、调整以及判断决策等几个方面给出了多活性代理复杂信息系统活性保持策略;最后,本文详细探讨了多活性代理功能保持的协商协调机理、方法.上述研究成果进一步完善了多活性代理理论体系,并初步给出了代理活性和系统活性的定量表征表示方法,为进一步开展多活性代理复杂信息系统的理论和应用研究奠定了基础.     

醇酸树脂反应釜的失效模式及其影响分析

本文介绍了失效模式及其影响分析的定义、分类及基本构成，并概括了其分析步骤。文中介绍了醇酸树脂反应釜各部件的功能，讨论了醇酸树脂反应釜的潜在失效模式、可能导致的后果及其原因；依据严重度、频度数、不易探测度及风险顺序值的量化标准，对各个项目进行了量化分析，对超出标准的项目提出了整改措施。对于FMEA方法在醇酸树脂反应釜中的应用会大大弥补当前存在的危害进行全面的识别和分析，并提供有效的信息和数据指导生产，能够为保障安全生产、制定维护维修决策以及优化成本效益比率提供强有力的数据支持。     

高速铁路基础结构动态性能演变及服役安全的基础科学问题

中国高速铁路已经由大规模建造进入长期安全稳定运营阶段,如何科学维护庞大规模的高速铁路运营线路,使高速铁路长期保持高安全、高稳定、高可靠的运营品质,是我国现阶段面临的重大课题.在分析总结中国高速铁路基础结构构造特点及其复杂运营环境特点的基础上,提出了高速铁路基础结构动态性能演变及服役安全的三个基础科学问题:环境与动载耦合重复作用下高速铁路基础结构关键工程材料与结构动态性能演变,高速铁路基础结构累积变形与轨面几何形态的映射关系,基础结构劣化与高速列车-基础结构耦合系统动态性能的相互影响及演化机制;回顾评述了国内外在此方面的研究现状与最新进展;指出了本领域今后的发展趋势以及需要重点关注和加强的基础研究工作.     

Outline of a dynamical inferential conception of the application of mathematics

We outline a framework for analyzing episodes from the history of science in which the application of mathematics plays a constitutive role in the conceptual development of empirical sciences. Our starting point is the inferential conception of the application of mathematics, recently advanced by Bueno and Colyvan (2011). We identify and discuss some systematic problems of this approach. We propose refinements of the inferential conception based on theoretical considerations and on the basis of a historical case study. We demonstrate the usefulness of the refined, dynamical inferential conception using the well-researched example of the genesis of general relativity. Specifically, we look at the collaboration of the physicist Einstein and the mathematician Grossmann in the years 1912–1913, which resulted in the jointly published “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and a Theory of Gravitation,” a precursor theory of the final theory of general relativity. In this episode, independently developed mathematical theories, the theory of differential invariants and the absolute differential calculus, were applied in the process of finding a relativistic theory of gravitation. The dynamical inferential conception not only provides a natural framework to describe and analyze this episode, but it also generates new questions and insights. We comment on the mathematical tradition on which Grossmann drew, and on his own contributions to mathematical theorizing. The dynamical inferential conception allows us to identify both the role of heuristics and of mathematical resources as well as the systematic role of problems and mistakes in the reconstruction of episodes of conceptual innovation and theory change.     

非线性量子力学的建立

笔者在长期研究工作的基础上,从提出非线性量子力学的基本原理出发,建立起了非线性量子力学理论,形成了完整的非线性量子力学的理论体系。从而把量子力学从线性领域推广和发展到非线性领域。在本文中笔者描述了建立这个非线性量子力学的物理背景,它的基本构思,研究的技术路线,产生的实际效果,与国际同类研究比较,本研究的创新和特点以及研究的重大意义。     

Diet influences the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni and distribution of mucin carbohydrates in the chick intestinal tract

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of diet on the colonisation by Campylobacter jejuni of the chick caeca, and to determine whether the viscosity of the intestinal contents and mucin carbohydrates were altered by the diet. The diets investigated were maize based, wheat-based or wheat-based supplemented with xylanase. The xylanase-supplemented diet reduced the viscosity and lowered the numbers of Camp. jejuni. Feeding the enzyme-supplemented diet increased the amount of neutral and sulphated mucins in the goblet cells of the small and large intestines and caecum. An abundance of sulphated and carboxylated mucins was seen in the surface goblet cells of the large intestine with the maize- and wheat-based diets. Both the diet supplemented with xylanase and the maize diets increased crypt-surface glycosylation of the sialic acid residues. The analysed data from the combined sites showed significant differences in the amount of neutral and acidic mucins when comparing the wheat and the wheat plus xylanase diets. However, no changes were shown in the staining intensity of sulphated mucins between the three diets. Significant differences in the glycosylation of sialic acid and in the N-acetylglucosamine residues were shown between dietary groups. These results provide evidence that the wheat diet supplemented with xylanase leads to greater changes in the mucin composition and carbohydrate expression of goblet cell glycoconjugates, which are associated with a reduction in intestinal viscosity and decreased numbers of Camp. jejuni.     

基于WebGIS的社会经济专题查询系统的研究--以三峡生态与环境监测系统社会经济专题为例

三峡库区社会经济环境的发展变化,受到了政府及公众的关注,建立三峡库区的社会经济专题查询系统对分析和反映库区社会经济动态具有重要意义。根据三峡生态与环境监测系统的需求和社会经济专题的特点,对系统功能进行了设计,并采用.NET技术和ArcIMS开发工具实现了三峡库区的社会经济专题查询分析。本文分析了WebGIS在社会经济专题中的应用优势,并对系统功能、建设流程、关键技术等作了较详细的阐述。     

Bau und Funktion der Nukleolen

Summary In previous years the composition and function of chromosomes have been analyzed to a considerable extent, in contrast to the small number of investigations that have been made on nucleoli. There exist at present many conflicting opinions about the structure and function of the nucleolus, and therefore a critical survey of the facts and theories about the nucleolar substance appears necessary.The structure, chemical composition and metabolism of the nucleoli of various cells are described in this publication. The regulation of the size and function of the nucleolus is also discussed.It is concluded that the size and structure of the nucleolus is organ- and species-specific. A rapid synthesis of RNA and proteins occurs in the nucleolus. After a short interval, this disappears; and it is therefore concluded that the nucleolus must have a high turnover of these substances. The size and function of the nucleoli depends on the energy state of the cytoplasm.It appears that the nucleolus can synthesize proteins which can be utilized by the chromosomes during their genetic function.     

Into the ‘regions of physical and metaphysical chaos’: Maxwell’s scientific metaphysics and natural philosophy of action (agency,determinacy and necessity from theology,moral philosophy and history to mathematics,theory and experiment)

Maxwell’s writings exhibit an enduring preoccupation with the role of metaphysics in the advancement of science, especially the progress of physics. I examine the question of the distinction and the proper relation between physics and metaphysics and the way in which the question relies on key notions that bring together much of Maxwell’s natural philosophy, theoretical and experimental. Previous discussions of his attention to metaphysics have been confined to specific issues and polemics such as conceptions of matter and the problem of free will. I suggest a unifying pattern based on a generalized philosophical perspective and varying expressions, although never a systematic or articulated philosophical doctrine, but at least a theme of action and active powers, natural and human, intellectual and material, with sources and grounds in theology, moral philosophy and historical argument. While science was developing in the direction of professional specialization and alongside the rise of materialism, Maxwell held on to conservative intellectual outlook, but one that included a rich scientific life and held science as part of a rich intellectual, cultural and material life. His philosophical outlook integrated his science with and captured the new Victorian culture of construction and work, political, economic, artistic and engineering.     

Role of FGFRL1 and other FGF signaling proteins in early kidney development

The mammalian kidney develops from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. In mice, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme at day E10.5 and begins to branch. The tips of the ureteric bud induce the metanephric mesenchyme to condense and form the cap mesenchyme. Some cells of this cap mesenchyme undergo a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and differentiate into renal vesicles, which further develop into nephrons. The developing kidney expresses Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 20 and Fgf receptors Fgfr1 and Fgfr2. Fgf7 and Fgf10, mainly secreted by the metanephric mesenchyme, bind to Fgfr2b of the ureteric bud and induce branching. Fgfr1 and Fgfr2c are required for formation of the metanephric mesenchyme, however the two receptors can substitute for one another. Fgf8, secreted by renal vesicles, binds to Fgfr1 and supports survival of cells in the nascent nephrons. Fgf9 and Fgf20, expressed in the metanephric mesenchyme, are necessary to maintain survival of progenitor cells in the cortical region of the kidney. FgfrL1 is a novel member of the Fgfr family that lacks the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. It is expressed in the ureteric bud and all nephrogenic structures. Targeted deletion of FgfrL1 leads to severe kidney dysgenesis due to the lack of renal vesicles. FgfrL1 is known to interact mainly with Fgf8. It is therefore conceivable that FgfrL1 restricts signaling of Fgf8 to the precise location of the nascent nephrons. It might also promote tight adhesion of cells in the condensed metanephric mesenchyme as required for the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.     

亚高山针叶林群落系统的生态学过程和持续性机制

森林生态系统由于其复杂的物质循环与能量转化通道，直接参与地图一生物圈问的生物地球化学循环。因此，对森林生态系统结构与功能的研究一直是研究全球生态环境问题的核心。目前在这个研究领域的共识是：对生态系统功能的了解首先是基于对系统组分过程结构和动态的理解，而生态系统多功能的持续性机制在于确保组成系统的各组分过程结构的维持和良好的协调。在森林群落生态系统中，最基本的植物、生态学过程是能流传输(transfer)和分配(partitioning)过程，碳、养分和水循环过程，生态位的相对稳定和分化过程以及植物的生长，死亡和更新过程。川西亚高山针叶林是我国西部目前唯一保存良好的天然森林。除了它重要的、不可替代的生态、经济和社会地位外，从生态系统本身以及与全球气候变化的联系上，地处高寒环境下的川西亚高山针叶林生态系统有其独特之处：相对简单的层次结构和种丰富度，清晰的更新和演替规律，有意义的地质、气候和区系历史，巨大的土壤冷冻碳库，更加分化的结构和功能类型，复杂的地形、地貌组合以及生态位的多样性等。这些特征一方面给系统生态过程研究带来许多挑战性的问题，另一方面为研究植被动态过程以及植被与气候变化相互作用提供了一个天然实验室。     

Chemistry and slavery in the Scottish Enlightenment

ABSTRACT

The Scottish Enlightenment has long been identified with abolitionism because of the writings of the moral and economic philosophers and the absence of slaves in Scotland itself. However, Scots were disproportionately represented in the ownership, management, and especially medical treatment of slaves in the British Caribbean. Sugar and cotton flowed into Glasgow and young, educated Scots looking for work as traders, bookkeepers, doctors made the return trip back to the Caribbean to manage the plantations. Chemically trained doctors and agriculturalists tested their theories in the plantations and developed new theories based on their experimentation on the land and slaves. In foregrounding the participation of Scottish trained chemists in the practice of slavery, I argue that the development of eighteenth-century chemistry and the broader intellectual Enlightenment were inextricably entangled with the economic Improvement Movement and the colonial economy of the British slave trade.     

Protein content of various developmental stages of three strains of the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella

Summary Comparison of the total body protein of male and female larvae, pupae, and adults of a diapause and 2 nondiapause strains of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella indicated that the protein content of larvae of the diapause strains was significantly higher than of the non-diapause strain.I thank Drs D.R. Nelson and R.A. Bell of the U.S.D.A. Metabolism and Radiation Research Laboratory, Fargo, for facilities and guidance.     

基于效用的云计算容错策略和模型

云计算近年来已成为一种被广泛接受的计算模式.随着云计算在商业、交通、卫生等领域应用的不断推进,云应用系统的可靠性问题引起了人们的特别关注.然而,云应用系统的结构和行为特征复杂,如何保障系统的可靠性是一项极具挑战性的课题.本文研究云计算的容错模型和策略,通过构建可扩展的云计算容错模型,以刻画云计算的运行机理、组件故障行为、云应用间合作和竞争特性.依据云计算的故障及资源服务特征,提出云计算的故障迁移和恢复方案.围绕容错涉及的时间和价格,依次计算云计算组件和云应用的效用,进一步分析各云应用的利益.通过求解模型的Nash均衡,以优化整体云计算的容错效用.最后,利用模型检查技术验证容错模型和容错处理的正确性.本文研究对于揭示云计算的结构和行为特征、建立云计算容错设计理论、提高云计算容错的效用具有理论意义和应用价值.     

T. C. Chamberlin,Climate Change,and Cosmogony

This paper examines the life and work of T. C. Chamberlin, a prominent glacial geologist who developed an interest in interdisciplinary earth science. His work on the geological agency of the atmosphere informed his understanding of climate change and other terrestrial phenomena and led him to propose a new theory of the formation of the Earth and the solar system.Chamberlin's graduate seminar at the University of Chicago in 1896 contained all the themes that informed his research programme over the next three decades. These included the carbon dioxide theory of climate change in its relationship to diastrophism and oceanic circulation, the role of water vapour feedbacks in the climate system, and the relationship between multiple glaciations, the climate system, and the formation of the planet.     

森林水文生态效应及在川西亚高山针叶林群落中的研究

水资源亏缺是世界各国政府和科学家们普遍关注的热点问题，而森林在涵养水源、调节水量、减少径流泥沙、降低洪峰、改善水质等方面具有重要的功能，因此森林水文生态效应研究成为生态学家和水文学家们共同关注的焦点。迄今为止，有关森林水文生态效应的研究主要包括集水区森林水文生态效应、水土保持林水文生态效应和森林水文生态效益研究。川西亚高山针叶林位于长江上游青藏高原东缘，在水土保持和调节流域水量平衡等方面具有重要的生态功能。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林水文生态效应的研究较少，主要为短期的、定性的、简单观测，这与其在长江流域水量平衡调节中的作用和地位极不相称。因此，建议在未来的研究中，从生态系统过程的角度加强以下研究：森林流域对径流影响的内在机理、不同树种水文生态效应及对比研究和养分循环及水质方面的研究，另外，因为气候、植被和水文密切相关，而且川西亚高山森林是对全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一，所以有必要探讨大气中CO2浓度升高等对森林水文生态效应的影响。     

Progress in molecular parasitology

Substantial progress has been made in the last ten years in understanding the structural and functional organization of parasitic protozoa and helminths and the complex physiological relationships that exist between these organisms and their hosts. By employing the new powerful techniques of biochemistry, molecular biology and immunology the genomic organization in parasites, the molecular basis of parasite's variation in surface antigens and the biosynthesis, processing, transport and membrane anchoring of these and other surface proteins were extensively investigated. Significant advances have also been made in our knowledge of the specific and often peculiar strategies of intermediary metabolism, cell compartmentation, the role of oxygen for parasites and the mechanisms of antiparasitic drug action. Further major fields of interest are currently the complex processes which enables parasites to evade the host's immune defense system and other mechanisms which have resulted in the specific adaptations which enabled parasites to survive within their host environments. Various approaches in molecular and biochemical parasitology and in immunoparasitology have been proven to be of high potential for serodiagnosis, immunoprophylaxis and drug design.