Structural variations of sand-bearing airflow over dune at southeastern fringe of Tengger Desert

From the analytical results of observed data onsand transport rates at different positions of dune surface atsoutheastern fringe of Tengger Desert, it has been found thatthe vertical distribution of blown sand flux exhibits a no-ticeable variation when sand grains move upslope anddownslope of dune surface under the action of wind force.Within the height of 20 cm above the sand surface, the verti-cal distribution of mass flux at different positions from toe todune crest of stoss slope of sand dunes coincides with a singleexponentially decaying law; while the vertical distribution ofmass flux over the lee slope occurs as two variable zones,with the height of 8--12 cm as the dividing line, the sandtransport rate below this height exponentially decreases withincreasing height, but above this height decreases in a powerfunction law. On the stoss slope, the relative sand transportrate in the upper layer of sand flow tends to decrease withthe increasing wind velocity and the total sand transport ratetowards the dune crest due to the shortened trajectory lengthof saltation sand grains moving upslope. On the lee slope, theincrease in lift-off height and trajectory length of saltationsand grains moving downslope leads to the increase in rela-tive sand transport rate in the upper layer of sand flow.     

半干旱区小城镇周边沙丘水分的时空变化——以乌审旗达布察克镇为例

水分是影响干旱区沙丘植被分布、生长和生存的关键因素.以内蒙古自治区乌审旗达布察克镇周边8km范围为研究区域,对不同类型沙丘的土壤水分进行连续观测,研究城镇周边沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律.结果表明:研究区沙丘土壤含水量时间变化分为春季积累期、水分消耗期、秋季积累期、稳定期4个阶段.在空间分布上,不同沙丘土壤含水量大小表现为:流动沙丘半固定沙丘固定沙丘(纯蒿)固定沙丘(柳蒿混生);沙丘土壤水分垂直变化可分为土壤水分速变层、土壤水分活跃层和土壤水分相对稳定层3个层次;从沙丘地形部位看,丘间低地地下水位高,而背风坡土壤含水量接近植物凋萎系数.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠高大沙垄区垄间地沿主风向连续分布新月形沙丘表面沙粒粒度特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠高大沙垄区垄间地防沙治沙工程下风向沿主风向连续分布的4个新月形沙丘为研究对象,研究了沙丘表面不同部位表层沙粒粒度特征,明确防沙治沙工程对沙丘表面沙粒粒度的影响,揭示沙丘表面沙粒粒度空间分布规律.主要结论：防沙治沙工程对于风沙环境的影响是显著的,表现为在防沙治沙工程影响区范围内沙丘表层沙粒明显细化.本文的相关研究结果将为阐明类似人为扰动条件下沙丘表面气流场和沙粒运移规律提供基础数据.     

Sandy grassland blowouts in Hulunbuir, northeast China: geomorphology, distribution, and causes

A sandy grassland blowout consists of an aeolian depression formed in top soil and the underlying sand deposit underlie, and the adjoining redeposit of sand derived from the depression. Research based on field survey and topographic mapping combined with aerophotograph interpretation reveals that: (1) All the three sand land tracts in Hulunbuir Grasslands are composed of blowout depressions and adjoining dunes, with interlaying remnants of sandy grasslands as background; (2) blowout depressions and their adjoining dunes can be classified according to their morphometric characteristics, development stages, and initiating factors; (3) blowouts develop mostly in the upper parts of sidelong aweather and sunward slopes inclining southwestward when west wind prevails; (4) initiation of blowouts is closely related with the coupling of extreme droughts and wide spread intense human disturbance to the fragile topsoil layer. The investigations indicate that key factors to prevent desertification are to protect grassland vegetation and topsoil.     

Sandy grassland blowouts in Hulunbuir, northeast China: geomorphology, distribution, and causes

A sandy grassland blowout consists of an aeolian depression formed in top soil and the underlying sand deposit underlie, and the adjoining redeposit of sand derived from the depression. Research based on field survey and topographic mapping combined with aerophotograph interpretation reveals that: (1) All the three sand land tracts in Hulunbuir Grasslands are composed of blowout depressions and adjoining dunes, with interlaying remnants of sandy grasslands as background; (2) blowout depressions and their adjoining dunes can be classified according to their morphometric characteristics, development stages, and initiating factors; (3) blowouts develop mostly in the upper parts of sidelong aweather and sunward slopes inclining southwestward when west wind prevails; (4) initiation of blowouts is closely related with the coupling of extreme droughts and wide spread intense human disturbance to the fragile topsoil layer. The investigations indicate that key factors to prevent desertification are to protect grassland vegetation and topsoil.     

Landscape evolution and palaeoclimate in the deserts of northwestern China, with a special reference to Badain Jaran and Taklamakan

A comparative study of geomorphologic landscapes in the Badain Jaran Desert and Taklamakan Desert was made on the basis of field investigations, thermolumi-niscence and radiocarbon dating as well as analysis of sand grain texture. The sand seas of the Badain Jaran Desert differ greatly from that of the Taklamakan Desert in terms of dune morphology, interdune relief, dune stratigraphy and sand sources. The thermoluminiscence ages of the dunes suggest that the basic configuration of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert has not changed at least since Middle Holocene. There were periods of more humid environment during the last glaciation and Holocene in both deserts, but events of higher precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert were more frequent than in the Taklamakan. In both desert areas, aeolian processes have been intensified during the last 2000 a.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠简单横向沙丘形态学示量特征

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域发育的简单横向沙丘的形态学示量特征分析，表明简单横向沙丘的形态特征与沙源的供应有十分密切的关系，沙源的不同丰度导致简单横向沙丘的形态学参数之间有明显的不同，简单横向沙丘在发育过程中并不存在稳定的平衡状态，可能随沙源供应的改变其形态有所改变，而次生的横向沙丘由于主体沙丘对其有足够的沙源供应，因而形态可以得到充分发展，沙丘形态参数的统计数据表明，在简单形新月形沙丘-简单形横向沙丘-沙丘复合体的发展模式中，随沙源供应的增加，沙丘发育时间系列的延长以及其他因素如：风环境、植被等因素的作用，沙丘形态参数之间很难有确切的关系表达式。     

新月形沙丘表面粒度特征对沙丘发育规模及风向变化的响应——以塔克拉玛干沙漠东南缘新月形沙丘为例

以塔克拉玛干沙漠东南缘新月形沙丘为研究对象,分析3个不同发育规模和相反风向作用后沙丘表面沉积物粒度参数,得出以下结论:1）新月形沙丘表面沉积物以砾石和极粗沙为主,二者总占比79.09%,与之对应的,沉积物概率累积曲线多以蠕移质为主,其次为跃移质．沙丘形态及其表面微地貌变化,使得沉积物粒度特征在沿风向的不同断面呈现3种模式:迎风坡脚最粗、沿迎风坡经丘顶/脊线至背风坡脚逐渐变细,分选丘顶/脊线最好、由此分别至迎/背风坡脚变差;迎风坡上/下部最粗、由此至迎/背风坡脚变细,分选丘顶/脊线最好、由此至迎/背风坡脚变差;迎风坡上/下部最粗、由此至迎/背风坡脚变细,分选迎风坡脚最好、沿迎风坡经丘顶/脊线至背风坡脚变差．2）随沙丘高度增加,迎风坡和背风坡沉积物先变细后变粗,丘顶/脊线逐渐变粗,但分选性均变好;两翼角沉积物粒径差值增大,粒径粗、分选好的短翼角变为长翼角．3）相对于区域主风向（NE）,反风向（SW）作用后,迎风坡沉积物变细、分选变差,丘顶变粗、分选变好,背风坡脚变细、分选无明显变化．迎风坡表面和背风坡脚细沙、极细沙和粉沙总占比增加,砾石和极粗沙总占比减少;丘顶正相反．      

Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes

Field studies of barchans--crescent-shaped dunes that propagate over solid ground under conditions of unidirectional wind--have long focused on the investigation of an equilibrium between sand transport by wind and the control of air flow by dune topography, which are thought to control dune morphology and kinematics. Because of the long timescale involved, however, the underlying dynamic processes responsible for the evolution of dune fields remain poorly understood. Here we combine data from a three-year field study in the Moroccan Sahara with a model study to show that barchans are fundamentally unstable and do not necessarily behave like stable solitary waves, as suggested previously. We find that dune collisions and changes in wind direction destabilize the dunes and generate surface waves on the barchans. Because the resulting surface waves propagate at a higher speed than the dunes themselves, they can produce a series of new barchans of elementary size by breaking the horns of large dunes. The creation of these new dunes provides a mechanism for sand loss that prevents dune fields from merging into a single giant dune and therefore plays a fundamental role in the control of size selection and the development of dune patterns.     

康平沙地治理过程中土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

 土壤微生物在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面都有着十分重要的作用。选取辽宁省康平县海洲乡的典型土壤和典型植被的根际土测其土壤微生物数量的变化,对在相同生长状况下不同植被类型的土壤微生物数量进行比较,分析在沙地治理过程中土壤肥力质量的响应与演变规律,为寻求该地区的最佳固沙植被提供依据。结果表明,土壤微生物的数量基本变化趋势为：固定沙丘＞半固定沙丘＞流动沙丘土;各类型的微生物在不同类型的沙土中分布比例不相同,微生物三大类群总数量排列依次为细菌>放线菌>真菌;半固定沙丘不同地带不同环境中的微生物类群组成和各类群之间的比例各不相同;不同植被在相同的生长地带土壤微生物的组成比例各不相同,其中乔本植被微生物数量要高于灌木丛和草本植被。     

The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes

Linear sand dunes--dunes that extend parallel to each other rather than in star-like or crescentic forms--are the most abundant type of desert sand dune. But because their development and their internal structure are poorly understood, they are rarely recognized in the rock record. Models of linear dune development have not been able to take into account the sub-surface structure of existing dunes, but have relied instead either on the extrapolation of short-term measurements of winds and sediment transport or on observations of near-surface internal sedimentary structures. From such studies, it has not been clear if linear dunes can migrate laterally. Here we present images produced by ground penetrating radar showing the three-dimensional sedimentary structure of a linear dune in the Namib sand sea, where some of the world's largest linear dunes are situated. These profiles show clear evidence for lateral migration in a linear dune. Moreover, the migration of a sinuous crest-line along the dune produces divergent sets of cross-stratification, which can become stacked as the dune height increases, and large linear dunes can support superimposed dunes that produce stacked sets of trough cross-stratification. These clear structural signatures of linear dunes should facilitate their recognition in geological records.     

塔里木石油公路沿线全新世风沙地貌形成演化的初步研究

本探讨了新疆塔里木石油公路沿线全新世风沙地貌类型、发育条件、动力特征和演化历史。研究表明，公路沿线发育多种典型风沙地貌类型。在新月形沙丘的迎风坡，风速和输沙率向上坡增加，背风坡存在涡旋，促使迎风坡风蚀背风坡加积，以至整个沙丘向前的动量得以维持。在线性沙丘表面，沙粒沿着合成输沙方向呈曲折摆动式纵向输移，而在背风坡以显的侧旁气流和沙物质的侧向输移为特征。全新世以来，由于近地面东北风系中偏N风力减弱，偏E风力加强，因此沙漠腹地叠置沙丘落沙坡方位向西偏转。沙漠边缘河流作用与风力作用的相互消长对风沙地貌的形成演化影响巨大，而沙漠腹地风信条件和自然环境表现出相对稳定性。     

Earth-like sand fluxes on Mars

Strong and sustained winds on Mars have been considered rare, on the basis of surface meteorology measurements and global circulation models, raising the question of whether the abundant dunes and evidence for wind erosion seen on the planet are a current process. Recent studies showed sand activity, but could not determine whether entire dunes were moving--implying large sand fluxes--or whether more localized and surficial changes had occurred. Here we present measurements of the migration rate of sand ripples and dune lee fronts at the Nili Patera dune field. We show that the dunes are near steady state, with their entire volumes composed of mobile sand. The dunes have unexpectedly high sand fluxes, similar, for example, to those in Victoria Valley, Antarctica, implying that rates of landscape modification on Mars and Earth are similar.     

人工植被固沙工程系统稳定性的土壤微生物数量的初步分析

对腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰线沙坡头地区的人工植被固沙工程系统稳定性进行土壤微生物类群数量的研究，结果表明：１．不同年龄的人工植被沙丘的土壤微生物各类群数量均超过自然流动沙丘。２．３６龄和２８龄人工植被沙丘的土壤微生物各类群数量的垂直分布与自然被国家沙丘相比基本相似，从微生物各类群数量看，到目前为止，最长年限３６龄人工植被沙丘与自然植被固定沙丘相比，还没有达到最稳定程度，人工植被固沙工程尚处在演变过程。     

青海共和盆地高寒流动沙丘快速治理技术

研究了共和盆地流动沙丘的快速治理技术,结果表明：流动沙丘快速固定需要机械措施和生物措施相结合,机械沙障可在短期内将流动沙丘完全固定,但是,如果不采取生物措施,沙丘有可能在2～3年内复活,而生物措施固定流沙,初期效果缓慢,有时甚至难以实现。采用机械沙障将沙丘先加以固定,然后实施生物措施。这种生物与机械相结合的流动沙丘治理技术是类似共和盆地立地条件下治理流动沙丘的最佳模式。     

科尔沁沙地放牧干扰恢复过程中植被组成和生物结皮微生物数量的变化

通过对科尔沁沙地禁牧10年后自然恢复状况的调查和实验分析,得出以下结论:(1)不同放牧强度自然恢复过程中,样地维管植物明显呈现出由一年生植物组成向多年生植物组成过渡的特点,盖度表现为轻牧恢复区(L)、中牧恢复区(M)、重牧恢复区(H)的盖度显著高于对照恢复区(C)、未围封放牧区(N)(P＜0.05);各处理样地生物结皮中苔藓植物和藻类植物的组成变化不大,但盖度表现为:苔藓结皮 L＞M＞H＞C＞N 区,藻结皮C＞H＞M＞L＞N区.(2)围封各恢复区(L、M、H)和未围封放牧区(N)藓结皮的含水量、结皮厚度及有机质含量方面显著高于藻结皮的(P＜0.05),而pH值却低于藻结皮的.(3)围封各恢复区微生物的数量显著高于未围封放牧区的(P＜0.05),在围封各恢复区内不论是藻结皮还是藓结皮,细菌、自身固氮菌和放线菌的数量在中度放牧恢复区数值最大,重度放牧恢复区的数量最少,两者差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).(4)藻结皮、藓结皮微生物数量都随土壤深度的增加而呈降低的趋势,0～3 cm层的与3～5、5～10、10～20 cm三层的有显著差异(P＜0.05),藓结皮层及下层土壤微生物的数量要明显高于藻结皮层及下层土壤的.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠西北边缘的风沙环境与沙漠演变

在实地考察和遥感判读的基础上，本分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠西北边缘风沙地貌发育的自然地理条件，探讨了区域风沙地貌类型及其分布规律，以及风沙活动特征与沙丘移动规律、风沙地貌的发育与演变过程。本区主要发育新月形沙丘及复合新月形沙丘链、复合型纵向沙垄、鱼鳞状沙丘群，沙丘的形态组合与分布规律、发育过程和运动状态受区域风向变化和自然地理条件的综合影响。研究区风沙主要来源于各大河流搬运的沉积物，在干燥气候条件下由风力吹扬、搬运再堆积“就地起沙”形成现代风沙地貌。综合分析各种地质记录表明，本区域沙漠是中更新世以来形成的，历史时期土地沙漠化进一步发展。     

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿固定沙丘土壤微生物数量的垂直分布研究

对内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ）固定沙兵土壤微生物数量的垂直分布进行了研究．１）好气性细菌和真菌数量的垂直分布是结皮层（０－０．５ｃｍ）〉０．５－１０ｃｍ〉３０－４０ｃｍ〉６０－７０ｃｍ,在０－１０ｃｍ,油蒿固定沙丘与流动沙丘比值;好气性细菌数量为１３．７：１,真菌数量为１５．２：１;２）芽孢细菌和放线菌数量的垂直分布是０．５－１０ｃｍ〉３０－４０ｃｍ〉结皮层（０－     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)对半干旱区沙地生境的适应及其生态作用

我国温带半干旱区沙地生境的主要特征是干旱少雨、沙源丰富和大风频繁,这种特定条件进化出我国特有的优良固沙植物--油蒿.在长期的进化过程中,油蒿形成了独特的形态结构、生理特征和繁殖习性,能够很好地适应沙地环境.油蒿群落不仅能够防风固沙,影响沙地生态系统的水分运移与分配,还能促进土壤的发育.因此,油蒿在适应沙地生境的同时对沙地产生巨大的影响和改造作用.油蒿群落对沙地生境的不断改造,推动了植物群落的演替,最终使流动沙丘转变为丰茂的植被.     

表土粒度特征对风蚀荒漠化的响应

 为了阐明风蚀对表土粒度特征的影响,采用时空替代法选择毛乌素沙地5 种不同利用类型的土地（草地、新垦耕地、7~8 年耕地、>20 年耕地、沙丘）,以其表层土壤（0~1、1~2、2~3、3~4、4~5 cm）为研究对象,通过野外实地采样和室内实验相结合的方法进行土壤机械组成与土壤颗粒分形分析。结果表明：1）5 个样地表层土壤机械组成均以细沙质量分数最高,为62.52%~80.40%,粗沙质量分数最低,仅为0.16%~0.43%,不同粒级土壤颗粒的质量分数高低排序为：细沙>中沙>极细沙+粉沙>粗沙,说明研究区土壤基质组成以细沙为主,沙物质分选好;2）5 个样地不同采样深度上的粗沙和中沙质量分数从大到小为0~1 cm>1~2 cm>2~3 cm>3~4 cm>4~5 cm;细沙质量分数各层次之间差异不显著（P=0.4558）,以0~1 cm 层的质量分数最低;极细沙+粉沙的质量分数0~1 cm和1~2 cm层显著低于其他3层（P=0.0126）,表明从草地到沙丘的演化是一个主要以极细沙+粉沙质量分数减少的风蚀荒漠化过程;3）土壤颗粒分形维数与极细沙+粉沙的质量分数呈极显著正相关关系,D=0.3661lnx+1.3409（P<0.0001）。5个样地的土壤颗粒分形维数存在极显著差异（P<0.0001）,从大到小依次为：草地（2.579）、新垦耕地（2.479）、7~8年耕地（2.361）、>20年耕地（2.100）、沙丘（1.716）。因此认为土壤颗粒分形维数可替代土壤机械组成来表征土地风蚀荒漠化的程度。