Immunomodulating effects in vitro of a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole in the absence of mitogenicity

Wy-13, 876, a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, enhanced in vitro antibody formation by mouse spleen cells immunized with sheep red blood cells. The optimal dose was 25--50 microgram/culture. The compound did not have a mitogenic effect at any dose.     

Immunomodulating effects in vitro of a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole in the absence of mitogenicity

Summary Wy-13, 876, a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, enhanced in vitro antibody formation by mouse spleen cells immunized with sheep red blood cells. The optimal dose was 25–50 g/culture. The compound did not have a mitogenic effect at any dose.     

The prolactin releasing peptides: RF-amide peptides

Although dopamine is considered the major hypothalamic controller of prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland, there is evidence that a yet to be discovered prolactin releasing factor (PRF) also exists in brain. Recently, two peptides were isolated, products of the same prohormone, that were reported to have significant prolactin-releasing activity. These peptides, called prolactin releasing peptides, are not accepted by all investigators to be in fact PRFs. Instead, it appears that their widespread distribution in brain and the presence of receptors for the peptides in sites unrelated to neuroendocrine function are the basis for a variety of central nervous system action including activation of the autonomic nervous system. Thus, these peptides may not be PRFs, but instead neuroactive agents that are involved in many brain circuits with divergent functions.     

Synthetic peptides related to eledoisin. Physalaemin-like peptides

Riassunto Vengono riportate le proprietà di una serie di peptidi sintetici affini per struttura alla fisalemina.     

Steroidal peptides

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Möglichkeit erwogen, dass Steroide mit geeignet gebauten Peptidseitenketten am Aufbau oder Transport von Hormonen beteiligt sein könnten. Über die erstmalige Darstellung von Steroidpeptiden wird berichtet. Als Beispiele werden die Synthesen der beiden geschützten Steroidpeptide III und IV beschrieben.

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Part XXIV of a series entitledSteroids and Related Natural Products. For the preceding contribution see:J. P. Kutney, W. Cretney, G. R. Pettit, andJ. C. Knight, Tetrahedron, in press.

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A preliminary report of this study was presented (April 9, 1964) at the Third International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, Kyoto (Japan).

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This investigation was supported by National Science Foundation Research Grant GB-249.     

Beyond natural antimicrobial peptides: multimeric peptides and other peptidomimetic approaches

Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) present several drawbacks that strongly limit their development into therapeutically valuable antibiotics. These include susceptibility to protease degradation and high costs of manufacture. To overcome these problems, researchers have tried to develop mimics or peptidomimetics endowed with better properties, while retaining the basic features of membrane-active natural AMPs such as cationic charge and amphipathic design. Protein epitope mimetics, multimeric (dendrimeric) peptides, oligoacyllysines, ceragenins, synthetic lipidated peptides, peptoids and other foldamers are some of the routes explored so far. The synthetic approach has led to compounds that have already entered clinical evaluation for the treatment of specific conditions, such as Staphylococcus (MRSA) infections. Should these trials be successful, an important proof-of-concept would be established, showing that synthetic oligomers rather than naturally occurring molecules could bring peptide-based antibiotics to clinical practice and the drug market for local and systemic treatment of medical conditions associated with multi-drug resistant pathogens.     

Physiological activities of gluconyl peptides

Zusammenfassung d-gluconyl--aminocapronsäure und andere Glyconylpeptide wirken als Anticoagulans durch Hemmung der Fibrinbildung aus Fibrinogen, hämolysieren rote Blutkörperchen und haben einen bakteriostatischen Effekt. Es handelt sich möglicherweise um eine Wirkung auf Glukoproteine mit Austausch von Kohlenhydratkomponenten; Zugabe von -Aminocapronsäure ist imstande, die Wirkung aufzuheben.     

Synthetic peptides related to eledoisin

Riassunto Vengono descritte le proprietà di una serie di peptidi sintetici affini per struttura ed attività all'eledoisina

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Part IV, for part III see³.     

Synthetic peptides related to eledoisin

Zusammenfassung Die Eigenschaften einer Serie von synthetischen Peptiden, die mit Eledoisin strukturell und wirkungsmässig verwandt sind, werden beschrieben.

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Part II. See⁴ for part I.     

Fungitoxicity ofm-fluorophenylalanine-containing peptides towardsPythium ultimum

Summary The tripeptide L-m-fluorophenylalanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine was much more fungitoxic towardsPythium ultimum than the dipeptide L-m-fluorophenylalanyl-L-alanine orm-fluorophenylalanine. The fungitoxicity of the tripeptide was reduced by L-alanyl peptides and phenylalanine, but not by other amino acids. In contrast, the fungitoxicity ofm-fluorophenylalanine was unaffected by peptides, and was antagonized by several amino acids. These results suggest the effective delivery ofm-fluorophenylalanine into the cell by a tripeptide carrier.     

Endocrine cells producing regulatory peptides

Recent data on the immunolocalization of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptides are the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, alpha-MSH and CLIP (corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenaline-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.