Molecular determinants and guided evolution of species-specific RNA editing

Most RNA editing systems are mechanistically diverse, informationally restorative, and scattershot in eukaryotic lineages. In contrast, genetic recoding by adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing seems common in animals; usually, altering highly conserved or invariant coding positions in proteins. Here I report striking variation between species in the recoding of synaptotagmin I (sytI). Fruitflies, mosquitoes and butterflies possess shared and species-specific sytI editing sites, all within a single exon. Honeybees, beetles and roaches do not edit sytI. The editing machinery is usually directed to modify particular adenosines by information stored in intron-mediated RNA structures. Combining comparative genomics of 34 species with mutational analysis reveals that complex, multi-domain, pre-mRNA structures solely determine species-appropriate RNA editing. One of these is a previously unreported long-range pseudoknot. I show that small changes to intronic sequences, far removed from an editing site, can transfer the species specificity of editing between RNA substrates. Taken together, these data support a phylogeny of sytI gene editing spanning more than 250 million years of hexapod evolution. The results also provide models for the genesis of RNA editing sites through the stepwise addition of structural domains, or by short walks through sequence space from ancestral structures.     

Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus

Swine influenza A viruses (SwIV) cause significant economic losses in animal husbandry as well as instances of human disease and occasionally give rise to human pandemics, including that caused by the H1N1/2009 virus. The lack of systematic and longitudinal influenza surveillance in pigs has hampered attempts to reconstruct the origins of this pandemic. Most existing swine data were derived from opportunistic samples collected from diseased pigs in disparate geographical regions, not from prospective studies in defined locations, hence the evolutionary and transmission dynamics of SwIV are poorly understood. Here we quantify the epidemiological, genetic and antigenic dynamics of SwIV in Hong Kong using a data set of more than 650 SwIV isolates and more than 800 swine sera from 12?years of systematic surveillance in this region, supplemented with data stretching back 34?years. Intercontinental virus movement has led to reassortment and lineage replacement, creating an antigenically and genetically diverse virus population whose dynamics are quantitatively different from those previously observed for human influenza viruses. Our findings indicate that increased antigenic drift is associated with reassortment events and offer insights into the emergence of influenza viruses with epidemic potential in swine and humans.     

长三角区域物流空间演化与影响因素分析

以长三角区域16个核心城市2003年~2012年的物流空间布局演化特征为基础,从需求、供给、产业环境和政策等4个维度选择了影响物流集聚度的影响因素,并实证分析了这些因素对长三角区域物流空间布局变化的影响机理.研究发现:(1)10年来,长三角区域物流的空间布局同时受到集聚效应和扩散效应的作用,各城市物流集聚呈现分化态势,经历了"三心多点"到"两极一心多点",再到"一极一团一走廊"的阶段性演化.(2)长三角区域物流空间布局的演化是区域经济增长、人口规模、劳动力水平和交通运输条件等因素的综合影响的结果,而第二产业的规模对物流集聚程度的影响并不显著.     

新疆乌苏市生态足迹演变与可持续发展诊断

目的定量研究干旱区典型绿洲乌苏市生态足迹演变及可持续发展进程。方法采用衡量可持续发展的生态足迹模型方法。结果乌苏市从1990年到2003年,人均生态足迹不断增加,人均生态承载力不断减少,该地区13a间人均生态足迹供需经历了盈余、赤字、逐年恶化的变化;资源利用效益、生态足迹多样性、发展能力等稳步提高;当前乌苏市生态经济系统处于不可持续发展状态。结论乌苏市可持续发展现状及动态变化在西北干旱区较为典型,西北干旱区各区域生态经济系统多年以来,基本经历了人均生态足迹不断增加、人均生态承载力却不断减少、人均生态足迹供需由盈余到出现赤字且逐年恶化的变化。     

Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution

Influenza viruses are remarkably adept at surviving in the human population over a long timescale. The human influenza A virus continues to thrive even among populations with widespread access to vaccines, and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The virus mutates from year to year, making the existing vaccines ineffective on a regular basis, and requiring that new strains be chosen for a new vaccine. Less-frequent major changes, known as antigenic shift, create new strains against which the human population has little protective immunity, thereby causing worldwide pandemics. The most recent pandemics include the 1918 'Spanish' flu, one of the most deadly outbreaks in recorded history, which killed 30-50 million people worldwide, the 1957 'Asian' flu, and the 1968 'Hong Kong' flu. Motivated by the need for a better understanding of influenza evolution, we have developed flexible protocols that make it possible to apply large-scale sequencing techniques to the highly variable influenza genome. Here we report the results of sequencing 209 complete genomes of the human influenza A virus, encompassing a total of 2,821,103 nucleotides. In addition to increasing markedly the number of publicly available, complete influenza virus genomes, we have discovered several anomalies in these first 209 genomes that demonstrate the dynamic nature of influenza transmission and evolution. This new, large-scale sequencing effort promises to provide a more comprehensive picture of the evolution of influenza viruses and of their pattern of transmission through human and animal populations. All data from this project are being deposited, without delay, in public archives.     

Genome evolution of novel influenza A （H1N1 ） viruses in humans

The epidemic situation of A H1N1 flu arose in North America in April 2009, which rapidly expanded to three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, with the risk ranking up to 5. Until May 13th, the flu virus of A H1N1 had spread into 33 countries and regions, with a laboratory confirmed case number of 5728, including 61 deaths. Based on IRV and EpiFluDB database, 425 parts of A H1N1 flu virus sequence were achieved, followed by sequenced comparison and evolution analysis. The results showed that the current predominant A H1N1 flu virus was a kind of triple reassortment A flu virus： （i） HA, NA, MP, NP and NS originated from swine influenza virus; PB2 and PA originated from bird influenza virus; PB1 originated from human influenza virus. （ii） The origin of swine influenza virus could be subdivided as follows： HA, NP and NS originated from classic swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype; NA and MP originated from bird origin swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype. （iii） A H1N1 flu virus experienced no significant mutation during the epidemic spread, accompanied with no reassortment of the virus genome. In the paper, the region of the representative strains for sequence analysis （A/California/04/2009 （H1N1） and A/Mexico/4486/2009 （H1N1）） included USA and Mexico and was relatively wide, which suggested that the analysis results were convincing.     

幂GCD矩阵与幂LCM矩阵的行列式的整除性

设S={x_1,x_2,…,x_n)是由n个不同的正整数组成的集合,并设整数a≥1,如果n阶矩阵的第i行j列元素是S中元素x_i和x_j的最大公因子的a次幂(x_i,x_j)~a,则称该矩阵是定义在S上的口次幂GCD矩阵,用(S~a)表示.类似定义幂LCM矩阵[S~a].本文证明了:设S是由n个不同的正整数组成的一个最大公因子封闭集,且正整数a∣b.如果n≤3,那么det(S~a)I det[S~b];如果max{x_i)＜12,那么det(S~a)f det[S~b].x_i∈S     

生态建筑与生态图书馆

生态图书馆是我国图书馆的发展方向。阐述了生态建筑的起源、历史、现状和发展趋势,重点论述了生态建筑与生态图书馆的关系。     

论生态存在与生态意识

生态存在是生态哲学的一个基本范畴，它有自己独特的涵义、特点和构成要素，生态存在和生态意识的关系问题是生态哲学的基本问题。学术界存在着脱离生态存在而单纯研究生态意识的倾向，必须加以批判。不是人们的生态意识决定人们的生态存在，相反地．是人们的生态存在决定人们的生态意识，生态意识是生态存在的反映。     

生态科学与生态道德教育

回顾20世纪，我国在生态道德教育中有两方面的欠缺是值得重视的。其一，在理论界，主要是从哲学、伦理学的角度为生态道德确立理论依据，而缺少从生态科学来论证生态道德的理论视角。其二，在公民教育的实践领域，各种绿色标语、口号、公益广告、自愿者活动可谓是掀起了一场绿色浪潮，但就其内容而言，仍然缺少对生态科学的系统普及，这使得对公众的生态道德教育和生态感情培养有些流于感性化和表面化。有一组调查资料表明，从中小学开始普及生态知识的某些发达国家，其环境质量明显优于我国，但公众对环境的评价却仍很低，他们对身边环境表…     

生态科学与生态道德教育

 回顾20世纪,我国在生态道德教育中有两方面的欠缺是值得重视的。其一,在理论界,主要是从哲学、伦理学的角度为生态道德确立理论依据,而缺少从生态科学来论证生态道德的理论视角。其二,在公民教育的实践领域,各种绿色标语、口号、公益广告、自愿者活动可谓是掀起了一场绿色浪潮,但就其内容而言,仍然缺少对生态科学的系统普及,这使得对公众的生态道德教育和生态感情培养有些流于感性化和表面化。有一组调查资料表明,从中小学开始普及生态知识的某些发达国家,其环境质量明显优于我国,但公众对环境的评价却仍很低,他们对身边环境表现出强烈的忧虑。而在我国,环境的实际状况很差,但公众评价却较好,忧虑也较轻。     

生态风险与生态文明建设

随着人与自然关系的发展,生态风险成为生态文明建设必须面对的重要问题。来自科学和社会发展等方面的事实和研究成果证明了生态风险存在的客观性及其对当代社会发展的巨大影响。剖析了生态风险的原因,概述了生态风险的特征．阐述了生态风险对生态文明建设的深刻启示。     

生态马克思主义与生态文明建设

党在十七大报告中首次明确提出建设生态文明的战略目标.在十八大报告中,更是将生态文明建设纳入到“五位一体”的社会主义总体布局当中.试图从生态马克思主义视角对生态文明建设做一个全面的总结,分析其在“五位一体”的文明建设当中的目标、地位以及作用.并提供建设生态文明的路径选择.