我国北方地区植被类型变化气候效应的虚拟数值试验

利用区域气候模式 (RegCM 2 )对东北西部、华北北部和西北东部、华北西部两个生态环境脆弱地区植被类型分别由草地变为农田和森林后对区域气候的影响程度进行虚拟数值试验 ,结果表明 ,我国北方地区植被类型由草地变为耕地或森林将使得这些地区夏季降水减少 ,温度升高 ,5 0 0hPa位势高度升高 ,副热带高压控制地区的位势高度降低 ,从而使副高减弱 ,不利于我国北方的降水增加 .从虚拟数值试验的对比中可发现 ,华北北部、东北西部地区植被类型改变比西北东部、华北西部地区植被类型改变所引起的降水减少、温度升高和副高减弱效果显著 .此外 ,对于同一个地区的植被类型改变而言 ,由草地变为森林比由草地变为耕地所引起的降水减少、温度升高和 5 0 0hPa位势高度变化效应大 .因此 ,根据数值试验结果可知 ,退耕还草可能是我国北方干旱半干旱地区改善环境的有效方式 ,华北北部和东北西部为开展有序人类活动的最佳地区     

Temporal and spatial variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index over the past four centuries in arid, semiarid, and semihumid East Asia

Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.     

New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate

The effects of land cover in different regions of China on summer climate are studied by lagged correlation analysis using NOAA/AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for the period of 1981-1994 and temperature,precipitation data of 160 meteorological stations in China,The results show that the correlation coeffi-cients between NDVI in previous season and summer precipitation are positive in most regions of China,and the lagged correlations show a significant difference between regions.The stronger correlations between NDVI in previous winter and precipitation in summer occur in Central Chian and the Tibetan Plateau,and the correlations between spring NDVI and summer precipitation in the eastern arid/semiarid region and the Tibetan Plateau are more significant .Vegetation changes have more sensitive feedback effects on climate in the three regions (eastern arid /semi-arid region,Central China and Tibetan Plateau),The lagged correlations between NDVI and precipitation suggest that,on interannual time scales,land cover affects summer precipitation to a certain extent,The correlations between NDVI in previous season and summer temperature show more comlex ,and the lagged responses of temperature to vegetation are weaker compared with precipitation .and they are possibly related to the global warming which partly cover up the correlations.     

Responses of desertification to variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China

There have been significant variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China. High wind activity occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s, but wind activity has decreased continuously from the 1980s to the present; as a result, the potential sand transport during the latter period was only 20%-50% of the values during the 1960s and 1970s. Phases of high wind activity were highly consistent with the trends in desertification over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China, but spring precipitation was also a significant factor： rapid desertification during the 1960s and 1970s was due to high wind activity, generally combining with low spring precipitation; subsequent rehabilitation since the 1980s has resulted from the combined effects of low wind activity and higher spring precipitation. Therefore, although modern desertification and rehabilitation processes are being more or less affected by human activities, both processes appear to be more strongly controlled by climate change.     

The hydrological linkage of mountains and plains in the arid region of northwest China

Mountain regions supply a large amount of fresh water for the people in arid and semiarid regions, however, there is great uncertainty of the water quantification from mountains to lower areas. In order to assess the hydrological significance of mountains and the hydrological linkage of mountains and plains, the measured and simulated hydrological data of the arid region in northwest China were used in the present research which followed a catchment-based approach. Firstly, the Heihe River Basin, a well-documented area, was selected as a specific watershed to reveal the hydrological relationship between highlands (mountains) and lowlands (plains); and then, the significance and disproportion of mountain runoff of 8 river basins as cases in the arid region of northwest China were analyzed and compared following the above analysis. The results of the study showed that the proportion of mountain runoff in total basinal runoff (PMR) of most rivers is above 50%. The PMR are between 50%-95% in the rivers originated in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains where the aqueous vapor is relatively sufficient. And that, almost all the flow of the rivers originating from the Qilian Mountains, the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains come from mountain regions. Also the PMR gradually increases from west to east in northwest China. The hydrological significance and disproportion of mountains water in the arid region of northwest China were given a systematic and thorough assessment, and the results could give potential guides for the scientific utilization of water resources in these regional areas for relieving the more and more serious shortage of water resources due to climate warming and population expansion.     

Modeling spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture in China

On the basis of station observations, an atmospheric field (ObsFC) was constructed for the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). The model (CLM3.5 driven with ObsFC, hereafter referred as to CLM3.5/ObsFC) was used to simulate soil moisture (SM) from 1951 to 2008 in China. The resulting SM was compared with in situ observations, remote-sensing data and estimations made by various land models, indicating that CLM3.5/ObsFC is capable of reproducing the temporospatial characteristics and long-term variation trends of SM over China. Using an in situ observation-based forcing field improves the simulation of SM. Analysis of SM simulated using CLM3.5/ObsFC shows that the overall spatial pattern of SM was characterized by a gradually decreasing and alternating distribution of arid-humid zones from the southeast to northwest. Regionally averaged SM was the driest over southern Xinjiang Province and western Inner Mongolia, while the most humid regions were located over the Northeast Plain, Jianghuai region and the Yangtze River basin. The long-term variation trends of SM were generally characterized by increases in arid and humid regions and decreases in semiarid regions. Moreover, the variation was relatively intense from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s in the arid region. The time series was more stable in the humid region except for a period near 1970 and after the year 2003. A downward trend was most prominent in the semiarid region from the 1990s to the end of the time series. For 1951–2008, in the arid, semiarid and humid regions, the SM volume percentage changed by 2.35, −1.26 and 0.08, respectively. The variation trends and intensity remarkably differed among the different regions, with the most notable changes being over the arid and semiarid regions north of 35°N.     

Regional difference of aridity/ humidity conditions change over China during the last thirty years

Scientists have found that the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6±0.2℃ since the late 19th century based on various evidence[1]. From the 1980s, temperature has experienced the most rapid warming to an extent of abrupt change statistically[2,3]. Global warming has attracted extensive attention from multiple depart-ments and has been an important issue related to global politics. Many scientific communities have made great efforts on climate change research and global env…     

137Cs应用于我国土壤侵蚀研究评述

^137Cs示踪法技术目前已被广泛应用于长期的土壤侵蚀估算中，但主要局限于水蚀研究领域，在风蚀方面进行的研究则较少。土壤风蚀是导致干旱半干旱地区土地退化和区域环境恶化的最重要原因之一。探讨、研究格进一步完善^137Cs技术在土壤侵蚀方面的研究，尤其是在我国西部风蚀地区土壤侵蚀中的应用，可以提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积的数据以及空间分布，对初步测算区域风蚀速率、风蚀时间序列和反映环境变化，为我国西部地区土地资源合理利用、环境整治以及生态建设提供定量的科学依据具有十分重要的意义。初步论述了^137Cs技术在我国土壤侵蚀研究中的进展，探讨了其在西部风蚀地区土壤风蚀研究现状、应用前景和需要注意的问题，并提出了一些建议。     

黄河流域降水序列变化的小波分析

采用1961—2000年黄河流域97个气象站点的系列资料,在分析黄河流域降水空间变化格局的基础上,采用墨西哥帽小波函数,对黄河流域近40 a来降水的季节变化和年际变化时间序列进行了小波分析,揭示了黄河流域降水变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析了不同时间尺度下降水序列变化的周期和突变点,并确定了各序列中存在的主要周期。结果表明：黄河流域多年平均降水量的地区分布既受天气系统的制约,又受地形等地理环境的影响,造成明显的地区性差异;黄河流域年降水和各季节降水均存在8~12 a左右时间尺度的多少交替,表现出明显的周期特征,其次4~6 a左右时间尺度的周期特征也较明显,夏季降水和年降水变化趋势具有较大相似性,不同时间尺度的周期特征之间有不同程度的吻合,说明夏季降水较大程度地控制着年降水。小波分析的时频局部化特性可展现降水时间序列的精细结构,为分析气候多时间尺度变化特征及短期气候预测等节水关键问题研究提供了一种新途径。     

从晚更新世以来我国沙漠的变迁看干旱区沙漠化问题

通过野外调查研究,作者提出我国东部干旱地区的沙漠早在有史记载以前的第四纪地质时期就已存在.晚更新世以来沙漠几经流沙(?)半固定、固定沙丘一系列正、逆变迁过程.人类历史时期以来出现的沙漠化,只是沙漠长期演变过程最近经历的一个发展阶段;沙漠化是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,且总的看来,自然因素是第一位的.在全国干旱—半干旱区范围内沙漠的变迁和沙漠化的形成,在时间上是可以对比的,基本上是同步的.     

Reconstructed index of summer monsoon dry-wet modes in East Asia for the last millennium

Monthly precipitation datasets collected at 160 stations in China as well as the monthly winds and humidity data derived from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were used to construct the relationship between six summer dry-wet modes in eastern China and the summer monsoon airflow northward advance in East Asia. A millennial series of the monsoon dry-wet index (MDWI) was reconstructed based on Wang??s six summer dry-wet modes in eastern China since 950 AD. A high (low) index indicates that the strong (weak) East Asian summer monsoon airflow can reach northern (southern) China and cause above (below) normal precipitation. Interdecadal periodic variations, such as the approximate 70-year oscillation, can be found in the MDWI series. In the last millennium, northern China has experienced persistent decadal wet periods and persistent decadal dry periods. At present, the MDWI is a low period on the interdecadal time scale so above-normal precipitation is observed in southern China and below-normal precipitation in northern China.     

Impacts of ENSO on rainfall of global land and China

Based on the analysis of X2 test of global land rainfall time series, it is found that the mean global land annual rainfall reduce significantly when El Nino events occur, and increase evidently in La Nina years. The impacts of ENSO on the winter and autumn precipitation over eastern China are also notable. Usually, the rainfall of winter and autumn over southern China increases, and that over northern China decreases in El Nino years. The effects of ENSO on summer rainfall are not so significant as on autumn and winter rainfall in China. The summer precipitation of area to the north of the Yellow River often decreases in El Nino years. No evident relationship is found between ENSO and spring rainfall in China.     

Comparison of Aerosol Optical Properties over the Semi-arid Region of Loess Plateau between Dusty and Non-dusty Periods in Winter and Spring

Some field experiments of aerosols had been carried out over the arid and semi-arid regions in China over the past 30 years,but there were little learning of the semi- arid region of Loess Plateau. Using Version 2.0 Level 2.0 dataset from the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) Lanzhon_city site,the aerosol optical properties during dusty and non-dusty periods in winter and sprig when air pollrtion frequently occured most frequently were demonstrated. A comparison of the same parameters between Lanzhou and Beijing for spring was also analyzed. Some new information was gained concerning aerosol optical properties over the semi-arid region of Loess Plateau. The results show that the aerosol properties measured during dusty and non-dusty periods are significantly different at Lanzhon,particularly in spring,and also different from those at Beijing.     

干旱半干旱地区农田风蚀危害及其对策研究

土壤风蚀是我国干旱半干旱地区土地退化的主要原因之一,严重制约着农业的可持续发展.笔者从土壤风蚀发生机理、影响因子的角度探讨了干旱半干旱地区农田风蚀危害及防治对策,提出了实施保护性耕作是实现干旱半干旱地区农业可持续发展的必然选择.     

中国西南秋季旱涝的诊断分析

为了分析中国西南秋季旱涝情况,利用西南地区东部1961~2012年的降水资料和区域旱涝指数对该地区秋季旱涝等级进行了评定,并运用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料与英国气象局海温资料对典型旱涝年的成因进行了探讨。结果表明,西南地区东部降水呈显著减少趋势,并在1990年左右发生了突变。旱年秋季,低层在南中国海附近为显著的气旋性环流异常,西南地区上空存在显著的下沉运动,涝年则相反。进一步分析发现,当西太平洋海温偏高时,可以激发罗斯贝波环流异常,对应在南中国海附近存在异常的气旋性环流,临近的西南地区东部处于异常的下沉气流控制,容易发生干旱,涝年则相反。此外,热带西太平洋海温于20世纪80年代中后期发生了由冷转暖的突变,这与随后西南地区东部秋季降水的突变密切相关。     

Soil moisture-based study of the variability of dry-wet climate and climate zones in China

An ensemble soil moisture dataset was produced from 11 of 25 global climate model (GCM) simulations for two climate scenarios spanning 1900 to 2099; this dataset was based on an evaluation of the spatial correlation of means and trends in reference to soil moisture simulations conducted using the community land model driven by observed atmospheric forcing. Using the ensemble soil moisture index, we analyzed the dry-wet climate variability and the dynamics of the climate zone boundaries in China over this 199-year period. The results showed that soil moisture increased in the typically arid regions, but with insignificant trends in the humid regions; furthermore, the soil moisture exhibited strong oscillations with significant drought trends in the transition zones between arid and humid regions. The dynamics of climate zone boundaries indicated that the expansion of semiarid regions and the contraction of semi-humid regions are typical characteristics of the dry-wet climate variability for two scenarios in China. During the 20th century, the total area of semiarid regions expanded by 11.5% north of 30°N in China, compared to the average area for 1970–1999, but that of semi-humid regions decreased by approximately 9.8% in comparison to the average for the period of 1970–1999, even though the transfer area of the humid to the semi-humid regions was taken into account. For the 21st century, the dynamics exhibit similar trends of climate boundaries, but with greater intensity.     

The reconstruction and interpretations of lake status at 6 ka and 18 ka B.P.in inland mainland Asia

By means of survey of literature through compilations of sedimentological, biogeological and geomorphologic data, the inland lake level changes in arid or semi-arid mainland Asia at 6 and 18 ka B. P. have been reconstructed. The results showed that the lakes from western and northwestern Asia were characterized by very high water levels at 18 ka B. P., but low or intermediate water stands at 6 ka B. P. The high lake level in this region was associated with the southward displacement of westerlies, therefore, the extent of the high lake stand indicated the southern flank of westerlies during the glaciation. Conversely, the lakes from the eastern and southern Asia registered comparative low levels at 18 ka B. P. and significantly high one at 6 ka B. P. The lowering of lake level at 18 ka B. P. was caused by the weakened summer monsoon and the high lake level at 6 ka B. P. by the enhanced summer monsoon induced by the enlarged thermal contrast between land and ocean. The extent of high lake levels indicated the northern boundary of monsoon expansion. Between the above two regions, there is a climatic transitional zone in the Central Asia where the lake behavior was close to that in southeastern Asia at 6 ka B. P. but became similar to that in northwestern Asia at 18 ka B. P. Thus this zone became a transitional sector from the monsoon to the westerlies.     

浅述宁夏北部地区土地沙化与沙漠化环境地质问题

宁夏北部地区地处干旱、半干旱气候地带,东、西、北三面被毛乌素沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠所围限,受自然条件和人类经济活动等因素影响,土地沙化与沙漠化较为突出,为该地区最严重的环境地质问题之一。笔者通过对宁夏北部地区土地沙化与沙漠化环境地质问题的初步研究,简要分析了土地沙化与沙漠化的成因,提出了合理、经济而有效的防治对策,为振兴地方经济和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

广东欠发达地区经济增长驱动力的比较分析

利用广东省粤东、粤西、粤北地区1995～2008年的面板数据,运用面板数据模型,从消费、投资和净出口三大需求对经济增长的驱动力出发,对粤东、粤西、粤北地区经济增长驱动力区域差异进行了比较研究.研究结果表明：粤东、粤西、粤北地区在消费、投资和净出口对经济增长的驱动力方面同珠江三角洲地区存在着巨大的差距;90年代,粤东地区主要靠消费拉动地区生产总值,21世纪初,粤东地区没有突出的拉动力,投资和净出口合力拉动地区生产总值发展;90年代粤西主要依靠净出口拉动地区生产总值发展,21世纪初,粤西不仅靠净出口拉动地区生产总值发展,消费对地区生产总值拉动力也位居首位;从90年代到21世纪初粤北始终是依靠投资拉动地区生产总值发展.     

1990—2010年间我国北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化归因

以我国北方传统农牧交错带为研究区,以植被归一化指数(NDVI)表征地表植被覆盖度,对土地利用数据和降水量、气温等气象数据两大类影响因子进行相关性分析.研究发现:1990—2010年该地区主要土地利用类型发生了显著的相互转化,但占优势的仍是草地、耕地和林地,土地利用和景观结构未发生重大变化.研究期间,北方农牧交错带耕地、林地和未利用土地植被覆盖度均有所增加,草地植被覆盖度有所减少.植被覆盖度与年均降水量呈极显著相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带降水呈减少趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.植被覆盖度与同期年均气温数据也呈现一定的正相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带气温变化属于升温趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.研究表明北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化是在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下发生的,土地利用变化和降水、气温气象数据两种因素对植被覆盖度的影响具有明显的地域性特征,土地利用变化因子的影响由于受政策和人类活动的参与而正逐渐占据着主导地位,而气候条件中,气温升高对植被覆盖度具有一定的正相关性,降水量因子在径流量充沛地区影响作用较弱,但在水源缺乏,人类活动干预较少农牧交错带西北地区仍然有着重要的影响作用.