层-层自组装技术的发展与应用

对国内外层-层自组装技术的发展和应用进行了综述,总结了静电力、氢键等自组装方法的特点;较为详细地介绍了自组装多层超薄膜和中空微胶囊的制备方法和表征手段,并阐述了它们在电子、光学器件、分离、催化、模拟细胞行为和药物缓释、生物反应器和生物传感器等方面的应用;最后就这一新兴技术的发展前景作了展望.     

凝聚相中纳米粒子的自组装

低维纳米材料的研究是当前材料科学与其它学科交叉的前沿领域。为了降低制造成本以便工业生产某些具有特殊功能的人造分子和纳米器件，必须寻找在液相中大量复制和组装它们的技术。在液相中制造纳米粒子有两个最重要的问题需要解决。一是粒子在溶液中的稳定性；二是颗粒度和结构的控制。其中三维有序结构的构建是制造纳米分子器件的首要总是。本文简介国徽法合成金属纳米粒子的原理及其自组装条件的控制，并进一步阐述如何利用脉冲辐解研究其成核反应动力学。     

HRP在L-半胱氨酸自组膜上的固定化及其对H2O2的催化还原作用

在金盘电极表面制备L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)自组装单分子膜,通过调节溶液的酸度使辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)带有正电荷,利用控制电位的方法在L-Cys自组装单分子膜上组装HRP,制备出辣根过氧化物酶/L-半胱氨酸/金电极(HRP/L-Cys/Au),进而研究金表面上固定化HRP的电化学表征方法以及对H2O2的催化还原作用。结果表明,该固定方法能很好地保持酶的催化活性,能有效催化H2O2分解,所制备的HRP/L-Cys/Au电极在2.2×10-5~2.2×10-2mol/L范围内,还原峰电流与H2O2的浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.996,对H2O2的检测下限为2.2×10-5mol/L,本文为生物分子的固定化提供了一种较好的方法,对生物传感器的研究具有重要意义。     

固态表面的分子纳米构筑与功能器件

分子纳米构筑与功能器件研制是极有意义的研究课题。本文总结了利用分子自组装构筑多层异质纳米结构、有机金属卟啉络合物的隧道电子诱导分子发光和轨道媒介分离作用、生物分子DNA的创造设计和微观结构、光电材料的本征性集成与功能器件研制。重点介绍了作者在相关课题研究方面所做的工作和最新研究结果。     

基于MEMS和A蛋白自组装膜抗体定向固定技术的安培型免疫传感器

采用微机电系统（micro electromechanical systems，MEMS）技术制备安培型免疫传感器电极系统，并利用A蛋白和硫醇白组装单层膜（self-assembled monolayer，SAM）设计传感界面，用于抗体的定向固定，研制了一种新型的安培型免疫传感器．首先采用MEMS技术，在硅片上制备“Au，Pt，Pt”微型三电极系统和SU-8微型反应池；然后基于自组装技术，先在金电极上制备巯基乙胺自组装单层膜，利用静电吸附作用在巯基乙胺单层膜上组装A蛋白，再利用A蛋白对抗体的定向吸附作用实现抗体在金电极表面的定向固定．该传感器的研制以低成本、微型化、高度集成，以及实现“片上系统”生物传感器为目标．采用循环伏安法和计时电流法研究传感器的响应特性，与采用块体电极的传统传感器以及采用在电极上直接吸附A蛋白的抗体固定方法相比，该传感器体积小，与CMOS集成电路工艺兼容，对人免疫球蛋白（HIgG）的测定响应快（20s），线性范围宽（50--400μg／L），检出限低（10μg／L），并且易于实现传感器的阵列化和实时多参数检测．     

以DNA为模板构筑纳米材料与分子器件

Moore定律正面临着挑战,即以硅材料为基础的集成电路元件尺寸正接近它的极限。而分子电子学有望作为一种解决的方案,替代硅电子学来构建更小的分子集成电路。DNA,以其独特的纳米尺度、分子线性结构、物理化学稳定性、力学刚性、自我识别能力以及自组装等优势,正逐步应用于分子电子学的各个领域。研究表明,DNA导电性存在着争议,而在此基础上以DNA为模板构筑纳米材料及分子器件正成为一个新的研究热点。本文在大量文献的基础上试图对以DNA为模板构筑分子导线、分子晶体管、分子计算机以及分子阵列等纳米材料及分子器件进行较为详细地归纳和总结,并对存在的问题和应用前景进行了分析和预测。     

美科学家借助DNA原理装配微芯片

美国明尼苏达大学教授理查德·基尔等人 ,利用DNA能按照既定模式自我组装的特点 ,用密集排列的常规接脚合成了“DNA框架” ,作为组装运算或存储用微电路的模板。研究人员称 ,“DNA框架”所指导合成的处理电路 ,集成度是目前最好的处理电路的 10 0 0倍。它指导合成的存储电路 ,集成度是目前CPU芯片中管线存储电路的 10 0倍。研究人员最早在 2 0 0 3年就发表了相关论文。如今 ,他们又对合成方法进行了改进 ,使微元件的组装更有效率 ,这一成果发表在去年 12月的美国化学学会刊物《纳米通信》上。DNA分子是自然界最好的信息存储材料 ,有科…     

纳米发电机应用:自驱动系统

智能传感是未来数字社会和智能社会的基础.然而,如何给数量庞大、分布广泛的各类传感节点提供持续的电源供给是一项巨大的挑战.摩擦纳米发电机(TENG)是近年来兴起的一种新型的机械能量收集技术,可以有效地将低频、低幅的机械能量转换为电能,一方面可以实现自主的、自驱动的机械信号传感;另一方面可以与能量存储器件集成,实现自充电的电源系统.同时,由于TENG在材料选择和结构设计上的多样性,适宜的应用场景非常广泛.因此,本文系统介绍TENG在自驱动系统方面的应用研究进展,主要包括自驱动传感和自充电系统两方面的典型研究工作,最后分析展望了现有研究的挑战和未来的潜在方向.     

全双工通信关键技术研究

传统的半双工(half-duplex,HD)无线系统利用正交的时隙进行信号的发送和接收,造成无线频谱资源的极大浪费.而全双工(full-duplex,FD)通信技术以其链路容量倍增及其潜在的频谱资源利用率提升能力得到学术界和工业界的广泛关注.本文首先将全双工与半双工的模式性能进行比较,详细列举了现有全双工技术的优缺点.作为全双工系统的核心难题,自干扰(self-interference,SI)消除技术可以采用两类主要技术加以实现:被动自干扰抑制和主动自干扰消除.本文对相应技术的优缺点进行了比较.此外,针对复杂时变的无线频谱环境以及动态变化的无线网络结构,本文讨论了全双工媒体接入控制层(medium access control,MAC)协议的设计.本文还进一步论述了实际系统环境下的全双工算法设计与实现,包括中继网络编码、中继选择以及动态资源分配等.最后,本文对全双工通信未来研究方向进行了探讨,并总结全文.     

钴及其化合物一维纳米材料的制备研究进展

本文介绍了钴及其化合物一维纳米材料,如纳米线、纳米棒和纳米管的制备方法及其最新研究进展,包括热分解法、模板法、分子自组装、固相合成法和化学溶液法等。并预测了未来的可能的发展方向。     

Putting the Indices into practice: censoring science in early modern Portugal

ABSTRACT

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Inquisition was the institution most invested in the censorship of printed books in the Portuguese empire. Besides publishing the Indices of Forbidden Books, the Holy Office was also responsible for overseeing their implementation and ensuring their efficacy in preventing the importation, reading, and circulation of banned books. Overall, the sixteenth-century Indices condemned 785 authors and 1081 titles, including 52 authors and 85 titles of medicine, natural history, natural philosophy, astronomy, chronology, cosmography, astrology, and divinatory arts. By looking at the largest collection of early modern scientific books in Portugal, I will argue that a closer inspection of marginalia and ownership, and the establishment of a typology of expurgations is essential for the comprehension of the actual practices and the mechanisms of censorship. By examining the material evidence of censorship, in order to reconstruct expurgation practices, this paper reveals the processes and effectiveness of ecclesiastical control in the Portuguese Inquisition and highlights the differences between what inquisitors wrote in the Indices and what others put into practice.     

新西兰政府科技投资现状概述

近年来新西兰政府大力调整其科技政策，在建设知识社会的蓝图下，建构了科技投资的基本框架，凸显了知识、经济、环境、社会四大目标，另外通过对投资决策、运行和监督的改革，使政府科技投资的机制更为科学有效，本文还给出了新西兰政府近年来科技投资的分配比例状况，阐明了其投资的重点领域。     

高校产学研一体化发展的实践与前瞻

本文探讨我国高校产学研一体化发展的必要性、可行性及其前景。从人类社会发展的历史特点入手，并借鉴了美国硅谷发展的经验和我国改革开放推进社会主义市场发展的需求，对高校产学研一体化发展的道路作了论述。针对目前高校产学研一体化中存在的问题，作者提出了加速高校产学研一体化发展的四条建议：1，高校产学研一体化发展必须转变观念，积极参与社会大循环；2，推进高校产学研一体化要有过硬的产品和准确的市场定位；3，高校产学研一体化发展要依托高科技园区，切实解决经费投入问题；4，高校产学研一体化发展要突出以人为本的思想，努力造就发明家和企业家。     

History of science and its utopian reconstructions

In recent years explicitly utopian visions have reappeared across the political spectrum. To a surprising degree these visions have drawn on histories and science and technology. What should scholars of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) make of these developments? The concept of utopia has often been treated with considerable distrust in these fields, as an indication of closed end-directed blueprints, or as an indication of fantasies of limitless technological improvement and purification of categories. Alongside this uneasiness, however, HPS and STS scholars have also projected transformative ambitions, seeking to recover from the past different ways of knowing and relating to the human and non-human world. By engaging with critiques of utopia from thinkers including Karl Popper, Otto Neurath, Bruno Latour, Isabelle Stengers and Donna Haraway, and exploring some of the utopian strands which have recurred in studies of science and technology—including the longing for integration, the association of science with planning, and the ways in which feminist scholars have envisaged alternative forms of science—we can understand the ongoing, and often unrecognised, utopian dimensions of HPS and STS.     

Differential diurnal variations of anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol levels in rat brain

The endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors, also known as endocannabinoids, have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Here we show that the levels of the two major endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), in four areas of the rat brain, change dramatically between the light and dark phases of the day. While anandamide levels in the nucleus accumbens, pre-frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were significantly higher in the dark phase, the opposite was observed with 2-AG, whose levels were significantly higher during the light phase in all four regions. We found that the activity of the fatty acid amide hydrolase, which catalyzes the metabolism of anandamide, was significantly lower during the dark phase, thus providing a possible explaination for the increase in anandamide levels. However, the activities of monoacylglycerol lipase and diacylglycerol lipase, two of the possible enzymes catalyzing the degradation and biosynthesis of 2-AG, respectively, changed significantly only in the striatum. These data suggest that the levels of the two major endocannabinoids might be under the control of endogenous factors known to undergo diurnal variations, and underscore the different roles, suggested by previous studies, of anandamide and 2-AG in neurophysiological processes.Received 9 December 2003; received after revision 15 January 2004; accepted 20 January 2004     

Repertoires: A post-Kuhnian perspective on scientific change and collaborative research

We propose a framework to describe, analyze, and explain the conditions under which scientific communities organize themselves to do research, particularly within large-scale, multidisciplinary projects. The framework centers on the notion of a research repertoire, which encompasses well-aligned assemblages of the skills, behaviors, and material, social, and epistemic components that a group may use to practice certain kinds of science, and whose enactment affects the methods and results of research. This account provides an alternative to the idea of Kuhnian paradigms for understanding scientific change in the following ways: (1) it does not frame change as primarily generated and shaped by theoretical developments, but rather takes account of administrative, material, technological, and institutional innovations that contribute to change and explicitly questions whether and how such innovations accompany, underpin, and/or undercut theoretical shifts; (2) it thus allows for tracking of the organization, continuity, and coherence in research practices which Kuhn characterized as ‘normal science’ without relying on the occurrence of paradigmatic shifts and revolutions to be able to identify relevant components; and (3) it requires particular attention be paid to the performative aspects of science, whose study Kuhn pioneered but which he did not extensively conceptualize. We provide a detailed characterization of repertoires and discuss their relationship with communities, disciplines, and other forms of collaborative activities within science, building on an analysis of historical episodes and contemporary developments in the life sciences, as well as cases drawn from social and historical studies of physics, psychology, and medicine.     

亚高山针叶林群落系统的生态学过程和持续性机制

森林生态系统由于其复杂的物质循环与能量转化通道，直接参与地图一生物圈问的生物地球化学循环。因此，对森林生态系统结构与功能的研究一直是研究全球生态环境问题的核心。目前在这个研究领域的共识是：对生态系统功能的了解首先是基于对系统组分过程结构和动态的理解，而生态系统多功能的持续性机制在于确保组成系统的各组分过程结构的维持和良好的协调。在森林群落生态系统中，最基本的植物、生态学过程是能流传输(transfer)和分配(partitioning)过程，碳、养分和水循环过程，生态位的相对稳定和分化过程以及植物的生长，死亡和更新过程。川西亚高山针叶林是我国西部目前唯一保存良好的天然森林。除了它重要的、不可替代的生态、经济和社会地位外，从生态系统本身以及与全球气候变化的联系上，地处高寒环境下的川西亚高山针叶林生态系统有其独特之处：相对简单的层次结构和种丰富度，清晰的更新和演替规律，有意义的地质、气候和区系历史，巨大的土壤冷冻碳库，更加分化的结构和功能类型，复杂的地形、地貌组合以及生态位的多样性等。这些特征一方面给系统生态过程研究带来许多挑战性的问题，另一方面为研究植被动态过程以及植被与气候变化相互作用提供了一个天然实验室。