溶氧对丙酮酸发酵的影响

采用实验室选育的高产丙酮酸菌株TorulopsisglabrataTPl9,在3种供氧方式下,研究了5L发酵罐上的丙酮酸发酵过程,比较了3种供氧方式下丙酮酸发酵、菌体生长、葡萄糖消耗和副产物的生成。发酵48h丙酮酸最高产量为65.1g·L-1;转化率为58.6%,生产强度为1.35g·L-1·h-1。     

磷对丙酮酸发酵生产影响作用研究

磷是发酵培养基中经常添加的一种重要的大量元素,在光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata)生产丙酮酸的过程中,磷元素对丙酮酸生物合成有着重要的影响.研究了不同初始KH2PO4质量浓度下丙酮酸合成、菌体生长、基质消耗及副产物形成等方面的差异,分析了形成这些差异的原因,以考察磷元素在丙酮酸发酵中的作用.     

维生素对乳酸菌细胞活性和代谢途径相关酶活性的影响

研究了拟干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)发酵生产乳酸过程中,添加维生素对菌体生长、细胞活性、产酸,以及在碳流代谢中与乳酸生物合成密切相关的4种酶[乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDC)和丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)]活性的影响。结果显示:维生素添加促进了菌体生长,使乳酸产量提高了42.47%;同时降低了发酵过程中菌体的死亡率,降低的最大幅度可达53.46%;PFK和LDH的活性比对照有提高,最大幅度达62.30%和126.65%,PDC的活性在发酵中期也有一定的提高,但PC的活性变化很小。实验结果表明:组合维生素的添加可以提高乳酸菌的活性,同时使代谢通量有利于乳酸生成。     

生物过程尾气质谱仪在乳酸发酵工艺控制中的应用

将生物过程尾气分析质谱仪及相应的Biostar处理软件成功应用于乳酸发酵过程中,通过实时监测发酵过程中不同阶段和不同发酵条件下菌体生理代谢参数的动态变化,并对其进行多参数相关分析,阐明了发酵过程中杂质组成的合成代谢过程;利用尾气分析质谱仪进行微耗氧发酵过程供氧水平的精确控制,当菌体的摄氧率控制在0.70mmol/(L.h)时,凝结芽孢杆菌乳酸的最佳合成速率能达到2.78g/(L.h);同时在以玉米淀粉水解糖液为基质的乳酸发酵过程中,通过对菌体生理代谢参数变化与残糖的消耗和副产物生成过程进行相关分析,建立了根据生理参数的变化进行发酵过程终点快速判定方法,实现了L-乳酸发酵产量和质量的在线控制策略。     

响应曲面法优化重组人神经生长因子发酵培养基组成的研究

通过响应曲面法(RSM)达到优化重组人神经生长因子发酵培养基组分含量的目的.对发酵基础培养基采用四因素三水平实验设计,优化了葡萄糖、酵母粉、蛋白胨和KH2PO4的最佳浓度,得到了最大预测值并进行了验证.最终优化培养基组分为:葡萄糖7.95 g/L、蛋白胨19.06 g/L、酵母粉13.51 g/L和KH2PO43.87g/L,此时预测最大菌体量Ymax=2.398 g/L.验证试验结果表明:使用优化后的培养基表达重组人神经生长因子,其菌体量的平均值为(2.357±0.083)g/L,实验值与预测值基本相符,均高于优化前菌体量,且其表达量也得到相应提高.     

D-核糖发酵过程中的pH控制及对产D-核糖关键酶的影响

在枯草芽孢杆菌突变株D-756发酵生产D-核糖过程中,采用葡萄糖和葡萄糖酸钙混合发酵,葡萄糖酸作为pH调节剂,能促进菌体的生长,显著地提高D-核糖的产量。经酶活测定,发现流加葡萄糖酸能提高单位发酵液中葡萄糖酸激酶的酶活。在5L发酵罐中,利用葡萄糖酸维持发酵pH值在7．2,培养72h后产核糖76．8g／L。     

紫芝液体深层发酵条件的初步研究

以紫芝为研究对象,讨论液体深层发酵碳源、氮源、无机盐和培养条件对菌体生物量的影响,确定紫芝液体发酵最优培养基配方为葡萄糖30,g/L、蛋白胨3,g/L、KH2PO41.2,g/L和MgSO4·7H2O 0.8,g/L.发酵条件为培养温度25,℃,起始pH自然,装液量24%,接种量15%,140,r/min培养7,d.同时,以菌体生物量、胞外多糖和pH为指标,绘制紫芝液态发酵动力学曲线,发酵培养7,d后菌体生物量和胞外粗多糖的含量分别达到最大值3.63,g/L和1.67,g/L.     

玉米浆用量、渗透压和耗糖速率对甘油发酵的影响

Candida krusei发酵生产甘油过程中,菌体生长由玉米浆限制,菌体对玉米浆的得率为1．63g/g,培养其中玉米浆浓度相同时,增加渗透压或通过流加补料限制生长阶段的菌体生长,可使甘油生产阶段的比耗糖速率减慢,比耗糖速率保持在不很高的水平,可以因消耗的葡萄糖用于生长,维持,甘油和副产物形成所占比例的变化而提高甘油得率。     

发酵代谢物对葡萄糖氧化酶生物合成的影响

用膜透析技术和静息细胞系统，对影响葡萄糖氧化酶（ＧＯＤ）发酵的控制因素进行了研究。静息细胞系统显示：鸟氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸和胱氨酸等氨基酸对ＧＯＤ的合成有促进作用；葡萄糖酸和丙酮酸对ＧＯＤ的合成有阻遏作用，１．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的丙酮酸使酶活降低４６．２４％；２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的葡萄糖酸使酶活降低２１％左右，但葡萄糖酸浓度增大，有被菌体作为碳源利用的可能。利用膜透析技术可除去部分发酵过程中产生的葡萄糖酸和丙酮酸等阻遏物，减少它们对ＧＯＤ合成的分解代谢物的阻遏作用，与分批发酵相比．提高酶活４０％左右。     

乙酸对1，3-丙二醇发酵的影响

考察了克雷伯氏菌发酵生产1,3-丙二醇过程中，乙酸对发酵过程的影响。结果表明，在发酵初始培养基中加入微量的乙酸能够提高1，3－丙二醇的产量，但乙酸的添加会影响菌体生长，造成发酵液的菌体吸光度A下降。通过实验确定了乙酸的最优添加质量浓度为0.6g/L，此时1,3-丙二醇质量浓度为8.46g/L，转化率为0.62；在此浓度乙酸初始培养基中添加1.2g/L葡萄糖作为辅助底物将甘油转化率提高到0.66。     

Microbial Transformation of Acetophenone to 2—Phenylethanol

Microorganisms are commonly used to transform chemicals to chiral compounds. Pseudomonas cepacia 1813, Pseudomonas stutzeri 1317, Saccharomyces cerev isiae 1912, and 5 Escherichio coil strainswere used to transform acetophenone to 2-phenylethanol. The results show that the E. coli strains have the poorest biotransformation ability. P. stutzeri 1317 provides the best transformation ability with a transformation rate of 30% achieved with either whole or broken P. stutzeri 1317 cells for a reaction pH of 8. 2 and an initial acetophenone concentration of 2 g/L. An acetophenone concentration of 10 g/L strongly inhibits the biotransformation for a pH of 8. 2. Crude alcohol dehydrogenase obtained from S. cerevisiae 1912 transforms acetophenone to 2-phenylethanol when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) is added.     

Role of poly(ADP-ribose) formation in DNA repair.

The abundant nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalyses the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). This protein has an N-terminal DNA-binding domain containing two zinc-fingers, which is linked to the C-terminal NAD(+)-binding domain by a short region containing several glutamic acid residues that are sites of auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The intracellular production of poly(ADP-ribose) is induced by agents that generate strand interruptions in DNA. The branched homopolymer chains may attain a size of 200-300 residues but are rapidly degraded after synthesis. The function of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is not clear, although it seems to be required for DNA repair. Here we describe a human cell-free system that enables the role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in DNA repair to be characterized. The results indicate that unmodified polymerase molecules bind tightly to DNA strand breaks; auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the protein then effects its release and allows access to lesions for DNA repair enzymes.     

budC敲除及ldhA过表达对Klebsiella pneumoniae合成D-乳酸的影响

为了提高K. pneumoniae中D-乳酸的合成效率,本文以BUD和LDH为改造目标,扩增丁二醇脱氢酶基因budC,并在其中插入四环素抗性基因tet,构建了基因敲除载体pTBT,转化K. pneumoniae,利用同源重组技术,敲除K. pneumoniae染色体上的budC基因,得到重组菌K. pneumonia B-;在此基础上,构建了表达载体pKP-ldhA,转化K. pneumoniae B-,过量表达乳酸脱氢酶基因ldhA,得到重组菌K. pneumoniae B-L+。摇瓶发酵结果显示,重组菌K. pneumoniae B-L+的丁二醇合成浓度比原始菌降低了90%以上,D-乳酸合成浓度比K. pneumoniae B-和原始菌分别提高了77.1%和41.4%,发酵罐实验D-乳酸产量68.4g/L,转化率0.78,生产强度1.22g/(L·h)。结果表明,敲除budC及过表达ldhA有利于改善克雷伯肺炎杆菌中D-乳酸的合成。     

NIH3T3细胞与其癌变细胞的PARP酶被抑制后DNA损伤修复的差异研究

PARP酶 (聚ADP核糖基聚合酶Poly ADP ribosepolymerase ,PARP)对于DNA损伤修复具有重要功能 ,正常细胞及其癌变细胞的该酶对抑制剂的敏感程度可能会有差异 .为此 ,通过姐妹染色体交换频率 ,带报告基因的质粒转化频率 ,以及彗星测定等方法 ,对DNA的损伤修复进行初步的检测 .实验结果表明 ,正常细胞和癌变细胞PARP酶在抑制剂作用下酶活性都会降低 ,但是癌变细胞的PARP酶对抑制剂更为敏感 .     

Calorie restriction extends Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan by increasing respiration

Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespan in a wide spectrum of organisms and is the only regimen known to lengthen the lifespan of mammals. We established a model of CR in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this system, lifespan can be extended by limiting glucose or by reducing the activity of the glucose-sensing cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA). Lifespan extension in a mutant with reduced PKA activity requires Sir2 and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). In this study we explore how CR activates Sir2 to extend lifespan. Here we show that the shunting of carbon metabolism toward the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and the concomitant increase in respiration play a central part in this process. We discuss how this metabolic strategy may apply to CR in animals.     

Novel NADPH-binding domain revealed by the crystal structure of aldose reductase.

Aldose reductase is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway and catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of D-glucose to D-sorbitol. Under normal physiological conditions aldose reductase participates in osmoregulation, but under hyperglycaemic conditions it contributes to the onset and development of severe complications in diabetes. Here we present the crystal structure of pig lens aldose reductase refined to an R-factor of 0.232 at 2.5-A resolution. It exhibits a single domain folded in an eight-stranded parallel alpha/beta barrel, similar to that in triose phosphate isomerase and a score of other enzymes. Hence, aldose reductase does not possess the expected canonical dinucleotide-binding domain. Crystallographic analysis of the binding of 2'-monophospho-adenosine-5'-diphosphoribose, which competitively inhibits NADPH binding reveals that it binds into a cleft located at the C-terminal end of the strands of the alpha/beta barrel. This represents a new type of binding for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzymes.     

Intraprotein radical transfer during photoactivation of DNA photolyase

Amino-acid radicals play key roles in many enzymatic reactions. Catalysis often involves transfer of a radical character within the protein, as in class I ribonucleotide reductase where radical transfer occurs over 35 A, from a tyrosyl radical to a cysteine. It is currently debated whether this kind of long-range transfer occurs by electron transfer, followed by proton release to create a neutral radical, or by H-atom transfer, that is, simultaneous transfer of electrons and protons. The latter mechanism avoids the energetic cost of charge formation in the low dielectric protein, but it is less robust to structural changes than is electron transfer. Available experimental data do not clearly discriminate between these proposals. We have studied the mechanism of photoactivation (light-induced reduction of the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor) of Escherichia coli DNA photolyase using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Here we show that the excited flavin adenine dinucleotide radical abstracts an electron from a nearby tryptophan in 30 ps. After subsequent electron transfer along a chain of three tryptophans, the most remote tryptophan (as a cation radical) releases a proton to the solvent in about 300 ns, showing that electron transfer occurs before proton dissociation. A similar process may take place in photolyase-like blue-light receptors.     

A candidate NAD+ transporter in an intracellular bacterial symbiont related to Chlamydiae

Bacteria living within eukaryotic cells can be essential for the survival or reproduction of the host but in other cases are among the most successful pathogens. Environmental Chlamydiae, including strain UWE25, thrive as obligate intracellular symbionts within protozoa; are recently discovered relatives of major bacterial pathogens of humans; and also infect human cells. Genome analysis of UWE25 predicted that this symbiont is unable to synthesize the universal electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Compensation of limited biosynthetic capacity in intracellular bacteria is usually achieved by import of primary metabolites. Here, we report the identification of a candidate transporter protein from UWE25 that is highly specific for import of NAD+ when synthesized heterologously in Escherichia coli. The discovery of this candidate NAD+/ADP exchanger demonstrates that intact NAD+ molecules can be transported through cytoplasmic membranes. This protein acts together with a newly discovered nucleotide transporter and an ATP/ADP translocase, and allows UWE25 to exploit its host cell by means of a sophisticated metabolic parasitism.