三轴SHPB岩石材料动力学特性试验研究的现状和发展趋势

岩石材料的三维动力特性试验研究是岩石冲击动力学中很重要的一个领域,也是目前研究的一个热点.本文论述了三轴SHPB岩石力学试验机的研制情况,对各类试验机的特点进行了比较.综合分析了三轴SHPB试验相关研究文献,总结了一些共有规律:①在围压一定的情况下,岩石的动态抗压强度会随着应变率的增加而增加,呈现出线性函数或者指数函数增加形式,并且脆性减弱,塑性显著增加;②在应变率一定的情况下,岩石抗压强度会随着围压的增大而增大,线性关系比较显著:③岩石动静组合加载时,在轴压一定时,岩石的动静组合抗压强度会随着围压的增大而增大,呈现出近似线性增加趋势;在围压固定时,抗压强度随着轴向静压的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.由于SHPB试验装置和岩石材料本身的特点.目前在一些基本问题上.如加载应力波形、试样尺寸要求等方面.还没有统一的试验规范要求,很多试验结果只能进行定性比较.无法在统一尺度上进行定量分析.最后,针对该领域的发展趋势进行了论述,指出尽快建立一套国际性的建议试验方法是将来的一个关键问题.     

围压对峰后岩石非Darcy流渗透特性影响的试验研究

研究围压对峰后岩石非Darcy流渗透特性的影响对峰后岩石非Darcy渗流系统的失稳具有十分重要的意义.本文基于岩石渗透试验装置与MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统,研究给出了峰后砂泥岩、灰岩、砂岩在不同围压下的非Darcy流渗透特性.以上试验研究表明,峰后岩石非Darcy流渗透率随着围压的增大而下降,其关系可近似用指数函数拟合;而峰后岩石非Darcy流β因子的绝对值随围压的增大呈增大趋势,其关系可近似用对数函数拟合.     

角砾岩常规三轴压缩试验研究及模拟

为了研究角砾岩压缩破坏机制,采用先进的岩石全自动三轴压缩伺服仪对角砾岩进行多种围压的常规三轴压缩试验,岩石经历压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段、峰后破坏阶段这5个阶段.随着围压增大,峰值强度和残余强度增大,且残余强度比峰值强度增大的快,应力峰值对应的峰值应变与围压呈现出正线性关系.角砾岩试样破坏为剪切滑移破坏,且基本上呈对角破坏,存在主要贯通裂纹,在主贯通裂纹周围存在多条细小裂纹.从细观角度,建立细观损伤本构模型.运用该模型对角砾岩常规三轴压缩实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,模拟值和实验值具有较好的一致性,从而验证了细观损伤模型对角砾岩模拟的适用性.     

基于声发射监测循环载荷下岩石损伤过程

应用声发射技术对循环载荷下岩石损伤过程进行了实验研究.基于加卸载响应比理论和损伤力学理论建立了循环载荷下岩石破坏过程中的内部损伤和声发射关系的数学模型,分析了循环加载方式下的岩石损伤演化过程和岩石失稳破坏的前兆.实验结果表明,岩石加载的声发射活动规律反映了其损伤过程;在循环加载条件下,随着载荷的增加,岩石在卸载过程中的损伤逐步增大,声发射数加卸载响应比Y值逐渐减小;对于大多数岩石试样而言,在其处于弹性变形后期时,声发射数加卸载响应比Y值达到(或接近)1并在小范围内波动,可以作为岩石失稳破坏的前兆,这对于循环载荷下岩石失稳破坏具有预测意义.     

三轴受压状态下岩石试块变形破坏过程中孔隙水压的变化特征及其临界破裂前兆

为讨论饱水岩石中孔隙水压与损伤变形过程的关联性,探究岩石破坏的孔隙水压前兆特征信息,采用三轴压缩试验、渗流实验相结合的方法,分析了在不同孔隙水压和不同围压条件下饱水岩石变形破坏过程中损伤扩展与孔隙水压变化的内在联系。研究表明：(1)开放饱和岩石单元体中,岩石在受荷破坏全过程中的初始压密、弹性压缩、塑性变形和破坏失稳阶段,孔隙水压呈现增高、稳定、逐渐减小和锐减变化;(2)岩石破坏的孔隙水压前兆特征明显,在主破裂前夕,内部损伤加剧,裂隙贯通,孔隙水压将失去稳定状态,孔隙水压由稳态锐减可作为岩石破裂的前兆信息;(3)在应力变化大、高孔隙水压以及高围压条件下,孔隙水压对损伤发展更为敏感,响应也更明显,孔隙水压与损伤发展相互影响,互为关联,损伤扩展造成孔隙水压降低,孔隙水压降低又促进损伤发展;(4)可以尝试在深部开采工程中监测岩体内部孔隙水压的变化来预测岩体失稳的突发性灾害。     

岩石材料的剪切破坏特征

基于局部化剪切带不连续分叉理论，分析了轴对称压缩状态下岩石材料的剪切破坏特征。分析结果认为，岩石材料在压缩状态下的脆性破坏总是剪切破坏的，单轴压缩状态下的张破坏是剪切破坏的一种极限情形。剪切破坏的破裂角与岩石的应力状态有关，即随着围压的增加，其剪切带与试样径向的夹角逐步降低，但最终可能趋于一个常数。     

透明类岩石内蕴裂纹扩展变形试验研究

采用力学试验手段探究岩石受压情况下内部裂纹扩展贯通机理是了解岩石破坏失稳机制的重要手段。由于真实岩体内部裂纹无法直接观察其扩展过程,通过自行研制的透明类岩石材料在RMT-150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机上进行单轴压缩力学试验,观察研究透明类岩石内部三维裂纹的扩展贯通机理。这一方法克服了真实岩体不透明的特点,更方便地观察岩体内部裂纹萌生扩展不同阶段的形状。通过对透明岩石内部布置不同长度和角度的裂隙,模拟不同长度和角度的原生节理裂隙对岩体破坏失稳的影响。研究结果表明:含预制裂纹的透明类岩石试件在压缩过程中三维裂纹的起裂扩展要比二维条件下复杂,大致经历了压密,弹性变形,裂纹扩展,脆性破坏四个阶段。含预制裂隙的试件其峰值强度和峰值轴向应变比完整试件均有明显降低,且预制裂隙的长度对峰值强度和峰值轴向应变的降低幅度有一定影响。试验成果无疑对分析真实岩体的破坏失稳机理有着重要的参考价值。     

基于三轴压缩试验的红砂岩本构模型

利用RMT150B型岩石力学多功能试验机对红砂岩试样在不同围压条件下的三轴压缩应力应变全过程曲线进行了系统试验研究。研究表明：围压增大，岩石的峰值强度也随着增高；红砂岩的体积应变在峰值后区表现出很大的剪胀性。基于试验结果，分析了岩石屈服强度、峰值强度、残余强度与围压之间的关系，根据试验得到了典型三轴压缩应力应变全过程曲线，建立了一个由线弹性段Ⅰ、线弹性段Ⅱ、线性软化段、线性残余塑性流动段组成的线性本构模型，给出了红砂岩4个阶段的本构方程，并确定了相关参数。     

虑隧道表面特性的硬岩全断面掘进装备撑靴接触界面刚度分析

采用修正的各向同性三维分形表面的W M函数构造隧道掘进机掘进后的隧道粗糙表面;考虑法向支撑载荷作用和岩石在压缩载荷下的失效机制,建立了掘进机撑靴与岩石粗糙表面法向接触刚度模型.研究变载荷工况下,不同粗糙隧道表面特性与掘进机撑靴接触界面刚度特性变化规律.结果表明：岩石的失效对接触刚度特性影响明显,相同的载荷下,岩石的失效会带来接触刚度的减小;当岩石弹性模量相同时,接触刚度随着硬度的增大而增大;当岩石硬度相同时,接触刚度随着弹性模量的增加而减小;随着外部载荷的增加,粗糙表面的接触刚度随之增加,而表面粗糙度的增大会引起界面接触刚度相应减小.     

探析砂岩在轴对称条件下的分叉

不同应力状态下岩石材料的失稳断裂破坏一直是岩石力学与工程研究的重点。本文在对岩石进行平面应变、常规三轴基础上,采用非线性分叉理论对岩石在断裂失稳过程中的局部化分叉进行了研究。根据许多岩石工程处于平面应变状态的实际情况,自行研制了岩石平面应变仪,进行岩石平面应变实验,并将平面应变实验结果和常规三轴实验结果进行比较;为研究岩石材料弹性模量的应力敏感性,进行不同围压和不同应力水平下岩石的加卸荷循环实验;根据岩石的平面应变和常规三轴实验结果．建立不同应力状态下岩石非关联弹塑性本构模型,应用变形分又理论的声张量法推导了不同应力状态下的分叉条件。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with