True polar wander on Europa from global-scale small-circle depressions

The tectonic patterns and stress history of Europa are exceedingly complex and many large-scale features remain unexplained. True polar wander, involving reorientation of Europa's floating outer ice shell about the tidal axis with Jupiter, has been proposed as a possible explanation for some of the features. This mechanism is possible if the icy shell is latitudinally variable in thickness and decoupled from the rocky interior. It would impose high stress levels on the shell, leading to predictable fracture patterns. No satisfactory match to global-scale features has hitherto been found for polar wander stress patterns. Here we describe broad arcuate troughs and depressions on Europa that do not fit other proposed stress mechanisms in their current position. Using imaging from three spacecraft, we have mapped two global-scale organized concentric antipodal sets of arcuate troughs up to hundreds of kilometres long and 300 m to approximately 1.5 km deep. An excellent match to these features is found with stresses caused by an episode of approximately 80 degrees true polar wander. These depressions also appear to be geographically related to other large-scale bright and dark lineaments, suggesting that many of Europa's tectonic patterns may also be related to true polar wander.     

Thickness constraints on the icy shells of the galilean satellites from a comparison of crater shapes

A thin outer ice shell on Jupiter's large moon Europa would imply easy exchange between the surface and any organic or biotic material in its putative subsurface ocean. The thickness of the outer ice shell is poorly constrained, however, with model-dependent estimates ranging from a few kilometres to ten or more kilometres. Here I present measurements of depths of impact craters on Europa, Ganymede and Callisto that reveal two anomalous transitions in crater shape with diameter. The first transition is probably related to temperature-dependent ductility of the crust at shallow depths (7 8 km on Europa). The second transition is attributed to the influence of subsurface oceans on all three satellites, which constrains Europa's icy shell to be at least 19 km thick. The icy lithospheres of Ganymede and Callisto are equally ice-rich, but Europa's icy shell has a thermal structure about 0.25 0.5 times the thicknesses of Ganymede's or Callisto's shells, depending on epoch. The appearances of the craters on Europa are inconsistent with thin-ice-shell models and indicate that exchange of oceanic and surface material could be difficult.     

潮汐周期在潮坪沉积中的记录

选择平静天气泥质潮滩相对淤积期进行现场直接观测每个潮周期的沉积物特征。结果表明潮汐层偶的厚度变化与大小周期潮差旋回性变化密切相关。原始数据平滑后曲线更清晰地展示出大小潮周期，反映随机的非潮汐因素的影响可以通过地定的数学方法予以去除。现代潮坪观测表明潮汐沉积可以记录潮汐能量呈周期性变化的特性，因此，可通过研究保存较完整的潮汐韵律层的层偶组来提取古潮汐信息。但这种蕴含潮汐信息的韵律层可能只局限于一些基本不受风浪影响的沉积环境，而在长江三角洲开敞型泥质潮坪难以保存。     

潮汐对沿海城市下水道硫化氢污染的影响研究

沿海城市下水道易受潮汐影响,使得部分海水周期性地进出城市排水管网,从而改变下水道中的硫化氢产生与转化过程. 为此,通过实验和数学模型评估香港排水管网某感潮管段受潮汐作用影响. 实验结果表明,潮汐作用显著提高了下水道污水的硫化物峰值,导致硫化氢污染情况明显恶化;同时硫化物浓度与潮位呈反比,出现周期性变化;但海水入侵带来的溶解氧和稀释作用一定程度上缓和了这一影响,体现为大潮时的硫化物峰值浓度相对提升较少. 建立的下水道感潮管段水质数学模型可以较好地模拟、再现这一过程. 以上结果表明,潮汐作用使下水道的硫化氢污染问题恶化并使硫化物浓度随潮汐涨退呈周期性变化,通过数学模型优化控硫药剂投加方案可以实现更有效、更经济的感潮管段硫化氢污染控制.     

Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces

For several decades, most planetary researchers have regarded the impact crater populations on solid-surfaced planets and smaller bodies as predominantly reflecting the direct ('primary') impacts of asteroids and comets. Estimates of the relative and absolute ages of geological units on these objects have been based on this assumption. Here we present an analysis of the comparatively sparse crater population on Jupiter's icy moon Europa and suggest that this assumption is incorrect for small craters. We find that 'secondaries' (craters formed by material ejected from large primary impact craters) comprise about 95 per cent of the small craters (diameters less than 1 km) on Europa. We therefore conclude that large primary impacts into a solid surface (for example, ice or rock) produce far more secondaries than previously believed, implying that the small crater populations on the Moon, Mars and other large bodies must be dominated by secondaries. Moreover, our results indicate that there have been few small comets (less than 100 m diameter) passing through the jovian system in recent times, consistent with dynamical simulations.     

滩涂生态牧场构建与展望

近年来,我国近海生物资源利用面临着重大转型与升级。在我国大力发展海洋牧场的背景下,拓展海洋牧场的发展区域尤为重要。本文首先分析了我国近海滩涂生物资源的利用现状,指出以传统滩涂贝类养殖方式为主的滩涂资源利用方式亟待转变。因此,在生态学原理指导下,使用各种工程技术手段,保护和增殖滩涂生物资源,发展滩涂生态牧场是海洋牧场建设的重要内容。根据生态系统类型的不同,滩涂生态牧场可分为滩涂贝类、牡蛎礁、海草床和红树林四种类型。此外,进行滩涂生态牧场构建时,需重点研发牧场选址技术、苗种培育技术、牧场环境监测技术、生态承载力评估技术和高效采捕技术等。在发展滩涂生态牧场的基础上,陆海统筹构建盐碱地生态农场、滩涂生态农牧场和海洋生态牧场,发展海岸带生态农牧场,是未来海洋牧场发展的重要方向。     

影响优秀男子110米栏运动员专项成绩的技术因素分析

运用文献资料调研、灰色关联度分析等方法,对中外优秀110m跨栏跑运动员主要技术指标与成绩的关系进行量化研究,结果显示:优秀110m栏运动员主要技术指标与成绩关联度排序是栏间3步的平均时间、冲刺平均速度、冲刺时间、保持最大速度经过栏的个数、起跑至H1速度、跨栏腾空时间平均值、最大分栏速度、平均分栏速度.同时发现栏间3步的平均时间、冲刺平均速度、冲刺时间3项指标是影响优秀110m栏运动成绩的关键技术指标.就此进行了探讨并提出了建议,对提高我国110m栏运动水平和科学化训练具有参考价值.     

同时考虑余流和潮流的海洋模式开边界条件

为较真实地数值模拟浅海环流，需考虑潮流的作用，因在浅海潮混合和潮致余流对环流具有较重要的作用。为保证计算区域内水量流进和流出的平衡，开边界条件需以流速代替水位给出。但这样做必须首先验证开边界条件在以潮流和潮位给出的情况下，计算域内的潮汐和潮流是一致的，随后才能考虑潮流和余流的合成。能否在开边界上同时考虑余流和潮流，在数值上必须首先得到验证。该文设计一个理想海湾，应用ECOM模式，数值试验表明开边界条件用潮流替代潮位，计算域内计算结果是一致的；开边界上同时给出余流和潮流可成功地模拟计算域内的余流场的分布。该文结论对余流和潮流共存情况下海流的数值计算具有推广价值。     

液压阀产生喷流噪声机理初步探讨

液压阀的喷流噪声,是指液压油流过阀口时由于节流作用,产生高速喷流而引起的涡流声和气穴声。本文对涡流、气穴的形成,涡流场压力、流速的分布及涡流剪切剥离流量进行了理论分析和计算;根据噪声源的一般特性,分析了液压阀高速喷流时声源的组成,并提出了高速喷流时辐射声级最高的气穴噪声发生的过程和方程及降低液压阀喷流噪声的措施。     

开敞型潮坪潮汐层偶形成和保存的若干问题

简要综述了中国开敞型潮坪的分布与特征,总结了多年来在开敞型潮坪所做的野外观测结果,包括不同时间尺度沉降板观测分析潮汐层偶的生成和保存,插桩观测季节性潮滩冲淤和研究砂、泥质单层的形成与保存.结果表明,潮流和波浪侵蚀造成开敞型潮坪潮汐纹层的保存率极低,连续性差.季节性强风浪和平静天气交替形成的小型层序,其中砂、泥质纹层厚度的变化与大小潮旋回所形成的沉积序列类似,但二者的成因不同,所代表的时间尺度差别较大.因此,在进行高分辨率古潮汐环境研究时需严格分析潮汐沉积的连续性.     

珠江河口岸线变化对潮动力的影响

为研究珠江河口岸线变化对潮波特征的影响,基于D-Flow FM(Delft 3D-flow flexible mesh)建立珠江河口二维水动力数值模型,模拟的水位、流速流向结果与观测数据吻合良好。利用T_TIDE对模型结果进行调和分析,通过振幅比、相位差和潮能通量探讨岸线变化对潮汐动力特征的影响。结果表明:珠江河口半日分潮M_2的振幅和1/4日分潮M_4的振幅总体均呈增大的趋势,潮能通量呈减小的趋势。珠江河口整体表现为潮汐不对称加剧,涨潮占优增强。岸线变化通过影响径流作用、河口形态、浅水效应和潮能辐聚作用,影响珠江河口的分潮振幅、相位、潮汐不对称和潮能通量等潮汐特征。由岸线变化带来的潮汐振幅增加、潮汐不对称性加剧和涨潮占优趋势加强,可能会导致风暴潮等沿海灾害和严重的淤积问题。     

水力吹填堤坝危险水力条件和防渗墙受力分析

针对潮汐河口水力吹填堤坝的特点,对河口边滩水库堤坝边坡稳定的危险水力条件进行研究,采用非线性有限元方法结合防渗墙施工工艺特点分析水库蓄水后柔性防渗墙的应力应变,探讨不同墙体材料、变形模量以及工后沉降对墙体应力应变的影响。研究结果表明:潮汐河口水力吹填堤坝在外海潮位快速降落时不会达到骤降状态;河口边滩水库围堤采用柔性防渗墙是安全可行的,设计中应尽量选用"高强低弹"的防渗体材料,合理控制弹强比。     

温州滩涂湿地的现状、问题及保护对策

温州滩涂湿地的现状不容乐观,生态问题日益突出,面临的主要问题是：人类干扰不断加剧,且缺乏有效的监测手段和管理措施,使得鸟类栖息地破坏严重,滩涂湿地污染加剧;外来种互花米草的入侵也对滩涂湿地的生物多样性造成了严重的干扰和影响。针对温州滩涂湿地存在的问题,提出了相应的保护和恢复对策：不断健全湿地保护的法律法规;科学围垦;加强对外来入侵种的监测和控制;加快滩涂湿地自然保护区的建设;严格管理滩涂湿地,加强污染控制,开展生态治理,增强保护意识等。以切实保护温州滩涂湿地生物群落的多样性,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Ganymede and Europa on Jupiter

Io leaves a magnetic footprint on Jupiter's upper atmosphere that appears as a spot of ultraviolet emission that remains fixed underneath Io as Jupiter rotates. The specific physical mechanisms responsible for generating those emissions are not well understood, but in general the spot seems to arise because of an electromagnetic interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and the plasma surrounding Io, driving currents of around 1 million amperes down through Jupiter's ionosphere. The other galilean satellites may also leave footprints, and the presence or absence of such footprints should illuminate the underlying physical mechanism by revealing the strengths of the currents linking the satellites to Jupiter. Here we report persistent, faint, far-ultraviolet emission from the jovian footprints of Ganymede and Europa. We also show that Io's magnetic footprint extends well beyond the immediate vicinity of Io's flux-tube interaction with Jupiter, and much farther than predicted theoretically; the emission persists for several hours downstream. We infer from these data that Ganymede and Europa have persistent interactions with Jupiter's magnetic field despite their thin atmospheres.     

利用潮汐动力整治河口碍航浅滩的试验研究

根据珠江三角洲八塘尾河口段的河道形态及潮流特性,在对潮汐动力可利用性探讨的基础上,提出了碍航浅滩整治的工程方案,并进行了冲瘀试验。试验成果表明,采用鱼嘴工程利用潮汐动力不仅解决了出海航道碍航问题,而且使洲尾开挖区航道内回淤量明显减小,是一种行之有效的整治途径。应指出,鱼嘴工程方案布设和试验是初步探讨性,对于整治工程结构调整和优化组合,还需进行深入试验研究。     

Comprehensive comparison and analysis of the tidal gravity observations obtained with superconducting gravimeters at stations in China, Belgium and France

The long-term tidal gravity observations of about 27 a obtained with superconducting gravimeters (SG) at stations in Wuhan (China), Brussels (Belgium) and Strasbourg (France) are analyzed comprehensively. The quality factors of these observations at various stations are obtained and the tidal parameters are determined accurately. The efficiency when using various procedures on improving accuracy of the tidal parameters is discussed. The loading corrections on tidal parameters are carried out based on the global ocean tidal models. The correlations between the observed residuals and air pressure change are studied, the atmospheric gravity admittances in both temporal and frequency domains are determined, and the possible reasons of inducing the discrepancy between the observed tidal parameters and those in the standard tidal models are studied.     

座底式水平轴潮流能电站载体设计及性能分析

 潮流能是一种可再生清洁能源,它的有效开发利用对于改善中国的能源架构具有重要意义。潮流能电站在技术开发和工程示范两个方面都在快速发展,但关于潮流能电站载体设计及其性能分析方面的研究较少,远远不能满足当今技术应用快速发展的需求。本文以导流增强型潮流能电站为研究对象,基于座底式水平轴潮流能转换技术,开展潮流能发电装置的总体设计,提出了3种载体方案,并对其进行流体动力载荷计算及支撑结构强度分析。通过对不同载体结构方案进行对比可以得到,三角形双支撑及四边形双支撑方案都能满足强度和变形的要求,其中三角形方案的稳定性和经济性较好,且安装维护较为便捷,因此选定三角形双支撑方案为最佳方案。研究结果将为座底式海洋潮流能电站的开发和应用提供参考和借鉴。     

对国内主要大地构造学派关于构造运动力源的评述

本文对中国主要大地构造学派中的地质力学、断块构造学说和镶嵌构造学说中有关地壳（岩石圈）运动的力源（机制）问题，提出商榷。认为应将吸引与排斥、地球内力与外部天体的作用联合起来作为指导思想，把第一级力（原动力）与次一级力区分开来，去寻求大地构造运动的力源。并指出了可能的力源与机制。     

南汇东滩围垦湿地大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和季节变动

于2009年10月至2010年7月对南汇东滩围垦湿地大型底栖动物的种类组成、密度和生物量以及生物多样性进行了研究.结果显示,被围垦潮滩共鉴定大型底栖动物9种,自然潮滩有29种;围垦潮滩的年平均密度和生物量分别为130.80ind/m2和1.89g/m2,自然潮滩为49.21ind/m2和4.08g/m2;围垦潮滩的优势...     

Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa

Europa, the innermost icy satellite of Jupiter, has a tortured young surface and sustains a liquid water ocean below an ice shell of highly debated thickness. Quasi-circular areas of ice disruption called chaos terrains are unique to Europa, and both their formation and the ice-shell thickness depend on Europa's thermal state. No model so far has been able to explain why features such as Conamara Chaos stand above surrounding terrain and contain matrix domes. Melt-through of a thin (few-kilometre) shell is thermodynamically improbable and cannot raise the ice. The buoyancy of material rising as either plumes of warm, pure ice called diapirs or convective cells in a thick (>10 kilometres) shell is insufficient to produce the observed chaos heights, and no single plume can create matrix domes. Here we report an analysis of archival data from Europa, guided by processes observed within Earth's subglacial volcanoes and ice shelves. The data suggest that chaos terrains form above liquid water lenses perched within the ice shell as shallow as 3?kilometres. Our results suggest that ice-water interactions and freeze-out give rise to the diverse morphologies and topography of chaos terrains. The sunken topography of Thera Macula indicates that Europa is actively resurfacing over a lens comparable in volume to the Great Lakes in North America.