Soil erosion rates and characteristics of typical alpine meadow using <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs technique in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Alpine meadow is the predominant ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The firm turf of alpine meadow formed by sub-surface anfractuous roots can be effective in conserving water and soil.Alpine meadow is a primary contributor to the Chinese Water Tower.For quantitative assess anti-erosion ability of alpine meadow,this paper selected three typical meadow slopes with>60% vegetation coverage to evaluate soil erosion rates using 137Cs.The results showed that(1)soil erosion intensity of typical alpine meadow was slight to light.Erosion rates were 464 t km–2 a–1 in Malong Village,415 t km–2 a–1 in Yeniugou Town and 875 t km–2 a–1 in Zhenqin Town respectively;(2)soil erosion rates were correlated negatively with vegetation coverage,and the relationship was clearer at the slope scale than plot scale;(3)the relationship between soil erosion and vegetation coverage showed that vegetation coverage was a predominant factor in retaining soil and water on slopes.With complete turf and high vegetation coverage, alpine meadow was of great significance for soil conservation and prevention of soil erosion.     

The contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 efflux in Puccinellia tenuiflora dominated community in a semi-arid meadow steppe

Rising atmospheric CO2 and temperature are altering ecosystem carbon cycling. Grasslands play an important role in regional climate change and global carbon cycle. Below-ground processes play a key role in the grassland carbon cycle because they regulate …     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been carried out. The results indicate that the content of soil organic carbon (C _SOC) in the topsoil of terrace meadow (TM) ((67.16 ± 1.02) g·kg⁻¹) is more than that in the soil of upland meadow (UM) ((63.42 ± 0.65) g·kg⁻¹), while the C _SOC in upland shrubland (US) ((67.49 ± 0.83) g·kg⁻¹) is the most abundant in the scoreh stage (September). From May to September, the C _SOC in the topsoil of UM and US tends to descend, but that of TM tends to ascend. As for the distribution of the C _SOC and the density of SOC in the soil in the three sample areas, the data show that the deeper the soil, the lesser the content and density of SOC. The C _SOC in US is higher than that in TM and UM; the C _SOC in UM is the lowest at 0–10 cm soil depth. The density of SOC in US is always the lowest among UM, TM, and US at 0–40 cm depth, which shows that the storage of carbon in UM is more than that in US in the same range; the carbon pool capacity in UM is higher than that in US in the same range. Biography: ZHANG Wei (1979–), male, Lecturer, research direction: ecology of environment.     

Comparative study of the net exchange of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Using the eddy covariance method, from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2004, we conducted the observation and analysis of ecosystem CO2 flux in 3 types of alpine meadow vegetation （Kobresia humilis, Potentilla fruticosa shrub and Kobresia tibetica swamp meadows） on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the Kobresia humilis meadow, the shrub meadow and the swamp meadow＇s highest CO2 uptake rates are 16.78, 10.42 and 16.57 μmol·m^-2·-s^-1 respectively, while their highest CO2 release rates are 8.22, 7.73 and 18.67μmol·m^-2·-s^-1 respectively. The Kobresia humilis meadow and shrub meadow＇s annual atmospheric uptakes are 282 g CO2/m^2 and 53 g CO2/m^2, respectively, while swamp meadow＇s annual atmospheric release is 478 g CO2/m^2. This proves that the Kobresia humilis meadow and the shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have relatively low potential for CO2 uptake and release compared to C4 grasslands, a number of lowland grasslands, and forests. Moreover, swamp meadow has relatively high release potential. This, in turn, reveals clear differences in carbon source/sink between different types of vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem. These differences are mainly brought by differences in the vegetations＇ photosynthetic capacity and soil respiration.     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.     

条子河中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的时空分布及来源解析

以辽河支流条子河中的多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）为目标物, 分别于春汛期、 丰水期、 平水期和枯水期采集水样及表层沉积物样品, 分析样品中PAHs和OCPs的赋存状态及污染物在该区域的分布和来源. 结果表明： 条子河水中总PAHs的质量浓度为658.1~3 096.6 ng/L, 均值（算术平均值, 下同）为
1 522.1 ng/L; 沉积物中总PAHs的质量比为775.7~2 835.4 ng/g, 均值为1 374.0 ng/g; 条子河水中总α,β,γ HCHs（六六六）的质量浓度为5.36~16.57 ng/L, 均值为10.93 ng/L; 滴滴涕（DDTs)未检出; 沉积物中总HCHs的质量比为2.87~5.56 ng/g, 均值为4.34 ng/g; 条子河水和沉积物中PAHs的含量均为自上游至下游递减, 且枯水期>平水期>春汛期>丰水期; 条子河水中HCHs的质量浓度自上游至下游递增, 且丰水期>春汛期>平水期>枯水期, 沉积物中HCHs的质量比自上游至下游递减, 且枯水期>平水期>春汛期>丰水期; 条子河中的PAHs主要来源于煤炭燃烧和交通燃烧, HCHs主要来源于农药林丹的使用.     

Stability of alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau

THE QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND REGIONAL MONSOON CLIMATE, WHICH HAS GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CLIMATE. THUS, THE CHANGE OF THE QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU ECOSYSTEM IS EXPECTED TO AFFECT …     

Variation of δ13C in karst soil in Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin

This study deals with δ₁₃ C variation in karst soil system of Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin, a typical region of humid subtropical karst formations. Samples of near ground air, plant tissue, soil and water (soil solution and karst spring) were respectively collected on site in different seasons during 1996–1999. Considerable variation of δ₁₃ C values are not only found with different carbon pools of soil organic carbon, soil air CO₂ and soil water HCO₃⁻, but also with the soil depths and with different seasons during a year. The °₁₃ C values of CO₂ both of near ground air and soil air are lower in July than those in April by 1‰–4‰ PDB. Our results indicate that the δ₁₃ C values of carbon in the water and air are essentially dependent on interface carbon interaction of air-plant—soil-rock—water governed by soil organic carbon and soil CO₂ in the system.     

川西北高寒草甸生长季土壤氮素动态

研究了川西北高寒草甸生长季土壤氮素变化特征,结果表明:研究区0～40 cm土层在整个生长期内,有机质含量均高于60 g.kg-1,全氮含量高于2.83 g.kg-1,养分含量丰富.浅丘山地草甸土壤氮素随季节变化呈现增加的趋势,植被覆盖变化(浅丘山地灌丛)或退化程度增加(丘前阶地草甸)使得土壤氮素随季节呈现出先减少后缓慢增加的变化,但影响主要表现在0～30 cm土层中,并且越往表层,差异越大.川西北高寒草甸土壤C/N值偏小(<25),利于氮的矿化养分释放.由于研究样地中灌丛的出现,虽然没有引起明显的"沃岛"现象,但加大土壤养分空间异质性的趋势.     

Variation characteristics of soil respiration fluxes in four types of grassland communities under different precipitation intensity

In the global carbon cycle studies, terrestrial ecosys- tem has become one of the greatest uncertain ecosystems in the current carbon cycle studies owing to the complex- ity of its underlying surface and intense disturbance of anthropogenic activities[1], hence depth studies of it serveas a key in seeking for the “missing carbon sinks” of at-mosphere. In the terrestrial ecosystem, soil organic carbonreservoir is an important component of carbon reservoir inthe system, its carbon …     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

踩踏干扰下紫金山土壤质量季节变化特征

【目的】探究踩踏干扰下紫金山国家城市森林公园土壤质量变化特征,分析季节变化对同一踩踏干扰条件下土壤质量的影响。【方法】以南京紫金山国家城市森林公园土壤为研究对象,随机选择8条宽度为3 m的游人道路,将7 m×1 m的土壤采集样带垂直设置在每条游人步道上,每条土壤采集样带上设置3个土壤取样点,分别作为活动区、缓冲区、背景区。测定游人道路在不同踩踏干扰强度下土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的季节变化。采用因子分析法计算主成分的方差贡献率,并对各指标在各主成分线性组合中的系数进行加权平均,探究土壤质量变化规律。【结果】在背景区、缓冲区和活动区,土壤容重以春、秋季较高,夏、冬季较低,夏、冬季土壤最大持水量和孔隙度高于春、秋季;土壤pH以夏、冬季高于春、秋季;春季土壤有机质含量显著低于夏、秋、冬季,土壤速效磷养分含量以夏季最高、春季最低;夏季土壤酶活性高于春、秋、冬3季。在背景区,春季土壤质量低于夏、秋、冬3季;在不同踩踏干扰程度下,夏、冬季土壤质量均高于春、秋季;随着踩踏干扰强度增强,土壤容重和pH在4个季节均呈上升趋势,土壤最大持水量、孔隙度、生化指标和土壤酶活性在4个季节均呈下降趋势。结构平衡方程模型(SEM)分析显示,土壤理化指标和土壤酶活性与土壤质量存在显著相关性。【结论】土壤全氮含量、速效磷含量、最大持水量和蔗糖酶活性对不同季节和踩踏干扰强度下土壤质量变化的贡献度较大,可以作为紫金山国家城市森林公园土壤综合质量评价指标;季节变化对同一踩踏干扰强度的土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性影响显著。     

Summer monsoon and dust signals recorded in the Dasuopu firn core, central Himalayas

In September 1997, a 15-m firn core was recovered from an elevation of 7 000 m a. s.l. from the Dasuopu Glacier in the central Himalayas. The analysis of δ18O values and major ion (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+ , SO42- and NO3-) concentrations shows that average annual accumulation is 0.75 m (water equivalent) in the Dasuopu firn core. The seasonal variations of δ18O values and major ion concentrations in the core indicate that present summer monsoon and dust signals are recorded with high-resolution in the Dasuopu Glacier. δ18O in precipitation are controlled by amount effect in summer monsoon season, more negative δ18O is representative of summer monsoon signal in snow layers. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ , Mg2+ , SO42- and NO3-are dominated by spring dust storm imput derived from the arid and semi-arid desert regions in central Asia. Also EOF analysis verifies that high spring concentrations of major ions are consistent. Due to the possibly different sources, the secondary variations of NH4+ and NO3- are negatively relevant with that of Ca2+ and Mg2+ .     

Isotopic composition of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China

In order to identify the sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in airborne PM2.5 in Hangzhou, OC and EC were oxidized to CO2 offline in two thermal steps, and their carbon isotope compositions were measured by mass spectrometer. Results showed that the average δ13COC values were -52.8‰, -48.1‰, -50.0‰ and -52.5‰ in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, and the annual average value was -50.9‰ (-85.0‰ to -35.6‰), whereas δ13CEC values were -26.4‰, -26.9‰, -26.7‰ and -25.9‰ in the four seasons, and its annual value was -26.5‰ (-30.5‰ to -23.8‰). Large differences were found between isotope compositions of the two types of carbon. δ13COC values were much smaller than those of δ13CEC, and varied in a large range, and the ratios in both spring and winter were the smallest. δ13CEC varied in a small range, and its mean values in four seasons were nearly the same. This suggests that the carbon isotope compositions of OC and EC in PM2.5 can provide useful information in distinguishing their sources.     

秋茄红树林土壤酶活性时空动态

研究了秋茄红树林土壤蛋白酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶等６种酶活性的时空变化及土壤样品风干和贮存对酶活性的影响．结果表明：水解酶类活性以冬季最低,春季上升,夏季和秋季较高,垂直变化的基本趋势是随土壤深度加深酶活性降低．过氧化氢酶活性的季节变化模式为：夏＞春＞冬＞秋,垂直变化的规律性不明显;多酚氧化酶活性季节变化和垂直变化都没有规律．红树林土壤６种酶活性皆大于光滩土壤,在不同滩位中,则表现为内、中滩土壤６种酶活性大于外滩．土壤风干和贮存对红树林土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性无显著影响,而风干土测得的酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和转化酶活性比自然湿土显著降低,风干土贮存１个月使转化酶活性降低．     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

伊犁河上游典型草地生态系统氮磷含量及化学计量特征

【目的】了解伊犁河上游典型草地养分限制状况,为不同草地类型群落营养循环及植物-土壤养分管理提供理论依据,也为该区域生态环境的改善提供科学依据。【方法】通过野外调查采样和室内分析测定,采用相关性分析方法,分析了不同类型草地群落植物-土壤氮、磷、钾含量及化学计量学特征。【结果】研究区不同草地类型植物群落植物地上部分和地下部分根系的氮、磷、钾含量变异较大,山地草甸草原和高寒草甸植物地上部分氮含量荒漠草原、半荒漠草原和高寒草甸的氮含量;荒漠草原和半荒漠草原植物地下部分根系的氮含量山地草甸草原、山地草甸和高寒草甸的氮含量;不同草地群落类型植物地上部分的P含量与植物N/P比值呈显著负相关,土壤N与土壤P含量、土壤P含量与土壤N/P比值分别呈显著正相关,土壤N和土壤N/P比值极显著相关,其相关系数为0.983。【结论】研究区土壤氮素缺乏,可以考虑在草地生长过程中适当添加氮肥。     

黄河口潮间带芦苇湿地土壤生源要素的时空动态变化特征

以黄河口潮间带芦苇湿地为研究对象,在夏、秋和春季分别采集0~10、>10~20、>20~30和>30~50 cm的土壤样品,研究黄河口潮间带芦苇湿地土壤生源要素总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、总硫（TS）和总钾（TK）质量分数及储量的时空动态变化特征及其影响因素．结果表明:研究区0~50 cm土壤剖面中TN和TS质量分数变化范围分别为68.19~421.29和356.15~935.77 mg·kg?1,总体质量分数偏低,且最高值出现在表层土壤,在3个季节中春季质量分数较高;TP质量分数变化范围为379.8~728.30 mg·kg?1,在剖面中分布较为均匀,质量分数最高值出现在夏季;TK质量分数变化范围为17852.41~23 265.30 mg·kg?1,无明显剖面分布特征．0~50 cm土层的TN储量（TNS）的变化范围为109.66~227.36 g·m?2,TP储量（TPS）为350.74~625.27 g·m?2,TS储量（TSS）为331.15~575.70 g·m?2,TK储量（TKS）为12220.77~19780.33 g·m?2．总体上,各生源要素主要储存在0~30 cm土层;TPS季节变化由高到低依次呈现夏季、春季、秋季,TPS和TSS均呈现夏季、秋季、春季（P<0.05）,TSS呈现春季低于夏季和秋季．冗余分析和相关性分析表明:土壤总碳（TC）、电导率、Mg、Al等指标与生源要素质量分数密切相关,土壤TC质量分数和C、N质量比是影响TNS的重要因素,而土壤密度、水土质量比和电导率则是影响TPS的重要因素．      

Effects of nitrogen sources and glucose on the consumption of ethylene and methane by temperate volcanic forest surface soils

There is limited knowledge with regard to the consumption of ethylene (C2H4) and methane (CH4) in volcanic forest soils containing low microbial carbon-to-organic carbon ratio, and to the responses of both consumptions to nitrogen and carbon additions. Temperate volcanic forest surface soils under three forest stands (e.g. Pinus sylvestris L., Cryptomeria japonica and Quercus serrata) were used to compare CH4 and C2H4 consumption by forest soils, and to study the effects of nitrogen sources and glucose on both consumptions. There was a good parallel between CH4 and C2H4 consumption by for- est soils, but mineralization reduced CH4 consumption rather than C2H4 consumption in forest soils, particularly in a Pinus forest soil. The stimulatory effect of glucose addition on both CH4 and C2H4 consumption by forest soils was increased by increasing the pre-incubation period after glucose addi- tion, and a largest stimulation occurred in the Pinus forest soil. The addition of KNO3-N at the rate of 100 μg·g1 significantly reduced the consumptions of both C2H4 and CH4 by forest soils (P≤0.05). In the presence of urea plus dicyandiamide, the consumption rates of C2H4 and CH4 by forest soils were higher than those in the KNO3-N and urea-N treated soils at the same N rate (P≤0.05), but were similar to those of the control. Hence, under experimental conditions, there was a strong inhibitory effect of NO3 rather than NH4 addition on the CH4 and C2H4 consumption in these forest soils. When amount of the added NO3-N increased up to more than 2―3 times the soil initial NO3-N concentrations, both C2H4 and CH4 consumption rates were reduced to 10%―20% of the rates in soils without nitrate addition. By comparing the three forest stands, it was shown that there was a smallest effective concentration of the added nitrate that could inhibit C2H4 and CH4 consumption in the Pinus forest soil, which indicated that C2H4 and CH4 consumption of the soil was more sensitive to NO3-N addition.     

The carbon isotopic compositions of Non-methane Hydrocarbons in atmosphere

Carbon isotopic compositions of atmospheric Non-methane Hydrocarbons(NMHCs) in the urban areas of Taiyuan and Lanzhou in summer were reported and the sources of NMHCs are discussed.Carbon isotopic ratios(δ 13C) of vehicle exhaust,coal-combustion exhaust,fuel volatiles and cooking exhaust were also measured with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio-mass spectrometry(TD-GC-IR-MS).δ 13C values of NMHCs in the urban areas of Lanzhou and Taiyuan range from-32.3‰ to-22.3‰ and from-32.8‰ to-18.1‰.δ ...