静电纺丝法制备金属氧化物纳米纤维的研究

在高度集成化浪潮的推动下,现代技术对纳米尺度功能器件的需求将越来越迫切.纳米线/管等一维材料作为纳米器件中必不可少的功能组件,在纳米研究领域中的地位显得愈发重要.静电纺丝法是一种能够连续生产直径在纳米级的高聚物纤维的方法.本文主要介绍利用静电纺丝方法制备金属氧化物纳米纤维的研究进展,并展望了其可能的应用.     

静电纺丝制备二氧化硅纳米纤维

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法制备硅溶胶,研究了体系中水、盐酸的含量对其电纺性能的影响.用电纺法制备出表面光滑、尺寸均匀,直径500~600 nm的二氧化硅(SiO2)纳米纤维.由静电纺丝得到的SiO2纳米纤维经室温下干燥和800℃高温煅烧后,分别用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱法(FTIR)、热重分析法(TG)对其进行了表征和分析.     

静电纺丝技术制备TiO_2纳米纤维的研究

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的乙醇溶液为基体,加入体积分数为6%的钛酸异丙酯,制得前驱体溶液,在高电场强度下用静电纺丝法制备了PVP/Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4复合纳米纤维,经600℃高温煅烧得到金红石和锐钛矿混杂的二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米纤维,直径约150～200 nm.研究了不同电纺参数对PVP/Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4复合纳米纤维的形貌的影响.通过差热-热重分析(TG-DSC)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等分析测试手段对制得的TiO2纳米纤维进行表征.     

静电纺丝法制备PVP纳米纤维绳的研究

采用双针尖平行放置的一对细小铜针作为接收装置,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)无水乙醇质量分数为10%,电压25kV,在不同的旋转数下纺出了PVP纳米纤维绳.在电纺丝喷丝针头和接收铜针间的静电库仑引力,以及纺丝间库仑斥力的双重作用下,电纺出PVP纳米纤维,纺丝电源中断后,一端的铜针固定,另一端作高速旋转,在接收器铜针的高速旋转下最终制得PVP纳米纤维绳.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行表征.实验结果表明,接收器旋转速度和接收距离对多纤维结构的形貌有显著影响.讨论了纳米纤维的形成机理.     

静电纺丝法制备聚吡咙纳米纤维

本文通过溶液墙聚法合成聚吡咙前躯体溶液,利用高压静电纺丝法将聚吡咙前躯体制成纳米纤维,最后加热环化得到聚吡咙纳米纤维。采用SEM．FT—IR手段对聚吡咙纳米纤维进行了表征,详细研究了溶液浓度,电压等对聚吡咙前躯体纳米纤维形貌的影响,得到了制备聚吡咙纳米纤维的最佳实验条件。试验结果表明,浓度和电压是影响聚吡咙前躯体纳米纤维形成的关键因素。     

静电纺丝法制备ZnO纳米纤维及其光催化性能的研究

以聚乙烯醇作为络合剂与醋酸锌反应制得纺丝液,采用静电纺丝法制得聚乙烯醇/醋酸锌复合纤维,经煅烧后得到直径为100 nm的纯ZnO无机纳米纤维.对所制得的纳米纤维的结晶度、纯度和表面形貌,分别采用X射线粉末衍射、差热-热重分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析测试手段进行表征.光降解亚甲基蓝水溶液的实验结果表明,700℃下煅烧得到的ZnO纳米纤维,紫外光照60 min使质量浓度为20 mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率达99%,ZnO纳米颗粒对亚甲基蓝脱色率为84%,这充分说明ZnO纳米纤维具有良好的光催化性能.     

静电纺丝法制备Y3Al5O12纳米纤维

采用静电纺丝技术制备了PVP/[Y(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3]复合纳米纤维,研究了反应体系的最佳组成,系统地讨论了静电纺丝工艺的影响,获得了最佳制备条件.将PVP/[Y(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3]复合纳米纤维在900 ℃焙烧10 h,获得了晶态的YAG纳米纤维.XRD分析表明,YAG纳米纤维属于立方晶系,空间群为Ia3d.SEM分析表明,PVP/[Y(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3]复合纳米纤维表面光滑,平均直径约为175 nm;YAG纳米纤维的直径约为75 nm,长度大于100 μm.该技术可以用来制备其他稀土石榴石型化合物纳米纤维.     

静电纺丝法制备图案化微纳米纤维薄膜

使用几种网孔结构的导电模板和绝缘模板作为静电纺丝收集装置,制备了图案化的微纳米纤维薄膜,并对其微观形貌进行了表征,对图案化形成机理进行了分析。结果表明,电纺纤维总是趋于沿电场线的方向运动,当导电网孔模板作为收集装置时,电纺纤维向导电格子聚集形成图案化纤维薄膜;当绝缘网孔模板作为收集装置时,电纺纤维避开绝缘模板格子,向模板孔洞聚集形成图案化薄膜。     

静电纺丝法制备YAG-ZrO2复合纳米纤维

运用静电纺丝技术结合热处理工艺成功制备了形貌光滑、尺寸均匀的YAG-ZrO₂复合纳米纤维.采用XRD、FT-IR和SEM探索了电压与浓度对复合纤维物相及形貌的影响.结果表明:电压为25 kV、PVA质量分数为11%时得到表面光滑、尺寸均一的复合纤维前躯体.前驱体纤维经过1 200 ℃煅烧5 h后,具有较高的结晶度,直径约为500 nm且比较均匀.为了使YAG-ZrO₂纤维增强的复合材料具有自检性,研究了YAG-ZrO₂纤维的发光性能,发现用290 nm紫外光激发YAG-ZrO₂:Tb³⁺复合纳米纤维,在581 nm处出现明显的发射峰,并发出绿光,这一现象属于Tb³⁺的⁴D₄→⁷F₄跃迁.应力-发光实验结果表明,YAG-ZrO₂:Tb³⁺纤维可以实现对铝基复合材料应力-应变的检测.     

静电纺丝法制备聚合物扭曲螺旋结构微纳米纤维

用一种改进的静电纺丝装置,在25～30kV下,制备了有机高分子聚乙烯醇的微纳米螺旋结构纤维。纤维直径小于1μm,螺旋结构的螺距在几个微米到十几微米。通过对实验结果分析,认为纤维螺旋结构是微流体受强电场等复合作用的结果,而静电排斥作用对纤维的螺旋结构形貌形成起决定性作用。     

静电纺丝技术制备二氧化铈纳米纤维

采用静电纺丝技术制备了PVP／Ce（NO3）3复合微米纤维,研究了反应体系的最佳组成,获得了最佳制备条件。将PVP／Ce（NO3）3复合微米纤维在600℃焙烧10h,获得了晶态CeO2纳米纤维。XRD分析表明,PVP／Ce（NO3）3复合纤维为无定型,CeO2纳米纤维为立方晶系,空间群为OH^5-F^M3m。SEM分析表明,PVP／Ce（NO3）3复合微米纤维表面光滑,平均直径约为1．0～2．0μm;所制备的CeO2纳米纤维的平均直径为300nm,长度大于50μm。     

The electrospinning of nanofibers

Electrospinning is a straight forward method to produce polymer fibers from polymer solutions,with fiber diameters in the range of 500 nm.In this paper the polymer nanofiber was successful made by the electrospinning method.Through the analysis of SEM,we got the conclusions that the PMMA,PAN and PVP nanofiber were successfully got from the electrospinning technology.     

用电纺法制备的BiFeO_3纳米纤维及其结构和形态研究

本实验以硝酸铋和硝酸铁为原料,由溶胶凝胶法制得纯相BiFeO3(BFO)溶胶,再利用电纺方法将溶胶成功制备成为纳米纤维.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明样品为纯相BFO,结晶性能良好.SEM观察结果表明:电纺法制备BFO纳米纤维的最佳条件为溶胶-凝胶法制备的BFO前驱体溶液与等体积的0.6 g/mL PVP乙醇溶液混合后的溶液浓度,电压值采用25 kV.在最佳条件下电纺得到的纳米纤维连续、光滑、直径均匀,无珠状物和粘连现象出现,纤维直径退火前为1.1～1.3 um,退火后为333～434 nm.     

PA6/PVA复合纳米纤维的制备及性能研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了PA6/PVA复合纳米纤维.分析了不同质量比的PA6/PVA共混纺丝溶液的粘度、电导率、表面张力,并探讨其静电纺丝效果.采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、表面张力仪等对纳米纤维膜的形貌结构、成分相容性及亲水性能进行表征.结果表明,在纺丝电压为19kV、纺丝距离为20cm、丝液流量为0.2mL/h的条件下,共混溶液质量比为12%∶4%时的静电纺丝所得纤维具有良好的形貌,复合纳米纤维中PA6与PVA具有良好的相容性,并有效地克服了纯纺PVA纳米纤维在水溶液中出现的过度溶胀问题.     

Nb2O5纳米纤维的尺寸与物相调控研究

采用静电纺丝技术制备不同晶体结构的Nb2O5纳米纤维,利用SEM和XRD技术对产物的形貌和结构进行表征.结果表明:所得Nb2O5纳米纤维晶化良好、尺寸分布均匀、长径比高且连续性好.通过调整静电纺丝的电压,可对纳米纤维的直径进行调控.调整退火温度和退火气氛,可分别获得伪六方、正交、单斜和正交/单斜混合相的纳米纤维.     

Applications of electrospun nanofibers

Polymeric nanofiber non-woven materials produced by electrospinning have extremely high surface-to-mass （or volume） ratio and a porous structure with excellent pore-interconnectivity. These characteristics plus the functionalities and surface chemistry of the polymer itself impart the nanofibers with desirable properties for a range of advanced applications. This review summarizes the recent progress in electrospun nanofibers, with an emphasis on their applications.     

钨酸铋／预氧化腈纶复合纳米纤维制备的研究

以五水硝酸铋、二水钨酸钠和腈纶为原料,通过静电纺丝的方法制备钨酸铋／预氧化腈纶复合纳米纤维前体,并将制备的复合纳米纤维前体在200℃下反应,制得钨酸铋／预氧化腈纶复合纳米纤维．利用FE-SEM、XRD对制得的复合纳米纤维进行了表征．探讨了纺丝电压、接收距离和纺丝流速对纤维直径和形态的影响．结果表明,纺丝电压为22kV、接收距离为15cm、纺丝流速为0．2mL／h时,所制备的复合纳米纤维前体形态较好,纤维平均直径为93nm．经过200℃处理后,钨酸铋在复合纳米纤维上形成,得到的钨酸铋／预氧化腈纶复合纳米纤维的平均直径为113nm．     

Control of the morphology of micro/nanostructures of polycarbonate via electrospinning

Many of the applications proposed for bioassays, scaffolds for tissue engineering, filtrations, and supports for catalysts require polymeric membranes with large specific surface areas. Polycarbonate （PC） is a possible candidate for these applications because of its excellent mechanical performance and good biocompatibility. Electrospinning is a simple and effective method for large-scale fabrication of micro-/nanofibrous membranes with large specific surface areas. How to control the morphology of electrospun PC fibers, however, has not been systematically investigated. We describe the controllable fabrication of continuous and uniform PC fibers. We electrospin PC/chloroform solutions doped with different types of surfactants including anionic, zwitterionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants. Only cationic surfactants can lead to the successful fabrication of uniform PC fibers. After the analysis of the correlation between solution properties such as viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity and the morphology of electrospun fibers, we conclude that the addition of cationic surfactants such as cetane trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） that leads to a decrease in viscosity is the main factor responsible for the formation of PC fibers. The demonstration of the fabrication of uniform PC fibers will lend experience to processing other polymers into fibers via electrospinning.     

Comparative investigation of three types of ethanol sensor based on NiO-SnO2 composite nanofibers

NiO-SnO2 composite nanofibers were synthesized via electrospinning techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Three types of sensor were applied to investigate the sensing properties of these nanofibers.Sensors A were fabricated by mixing the nanofibers with deionized water,and then grinding and coating them on ceramic tubes to form indirect heated gas sensors.Microsensors B(with an area of 600 μm×200 μm) were formed by spinning nanofibers on Si substrates with Pt signal electrodes and Pt heaters.Sensors C were fabricated by spinning nanofibers on plane ceramic substrates(with a large area of 13.4 mm×7 mm) with Ag-Pd signal electrodes only.The operating temperatures of sensors A and B were controlled by adjusting heater currents,and the operating temperatures of sensors C were controlled by adjusting an external temperature control device.Experimental results show that sensors C possess the highest sensing properties,such as high response values(about 42 to 100 μL/L ethanol),quick response/recovery speeds(the response and recovery times were 4 and 7 s,respectively),and excellent consistencies.These phenomena were explained by the retained fiber morphology and suitable sensor area.The presented results can provide some useful information for the design and optimization of one-dimensional nanomaterial-based gas sensors.