超临界CO2萃取烟叶中尼古丁工艺探索

文章主要探索加工低尼古丁香烟原料的工艺.采用了超临界CO2萃取法考察了萃取压力、夹带剂添加量、时间及温度对烟叶中尼古丁含量的影响,并进行了正交优化试验;研究结果表明,压力是影响萃取的最显著因素,其次是夹带剂、时间、温度,最优条件为A3B2C3D2,即萃取压力21 MPa、添加水量为20%、时间120 min、温度55 ℃时,每克烟叶中尼古丁降低到0.41 mg.     

杠板归的超临界萃取和红外光谱研究

杠板归是近年来新开发的中药,对于带状疱疹和大面积烧伤有明显疗效。实验研究了用CO2超临界萃取杠板归过程中萃取温度、压力、时间、夹带剂类型及夹带剂剂量5种因素对萃取率的影响,确定了最佳萃取条件,并对部分条件的萃取物进行红外光谱分析。本试验确定的最佳条件为:萃取釜的压力为45 MPa,萃取釜的温度为50℃,萃取时间为180 min,萃取剂为乙酸乙酯,萃取剂剂量40%。本工作开发了一种杠板归的新型分离方法,并为其科学研究积累了重要的数据。     

CO2超临界流体萃取法提取竹叶黄酮的研究

以芦丁为定量依据,采用正交设计法考察了CO2超临界流体萃取竹叶中黄酮的工艺条件。结果表明,影响CO2超临界流体提取的主要因素依次是：萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂的用量、萃取时间;确定了最佳提取条件为：萃取压力40Mpa、萃取温度60℃、萃取时间60min、夹带剂的用量1mL/g.竹叶总黄酮的提取量为4.978 mg/g.     

植物姜黄中姜黄素的超临界CO2流体萃取工艺研究

通过单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方法对超临界CO2流体萃取姜黄中姜黄素的工艺条件进行了研究,并采用HPLC法测定姜黄素含量,筛选出超临界CO2萃取姜黄素的最佳条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度55℃,采用无水乙醇作为夹带剂,用量为35%,萃取时间为5 h,CO2流量3.5 L·min-1.该工艺条件稳定可行.     

黑茶中茶多酚及咖啡碱的超临界CO2流体萃取研究

以益阳黑茶为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取黑茶中的茶多酚和咖啡碱,采用正交试验对萃取温度、萃取压力、夹带剂浓度和夹带剂用量等因素进行优化(固定萃取时间为2 h).采用分光光度法测定茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量,根据正交试验极差分析结果得出茶多酚的最佳萃取条件:萃取温度50℃,萃取压力20 MPa,夹带剂采用体积分数为70%的乙醇,适宜用量为100 mL/150 g,得率为(0.190±0.004)%.咖啡碱的最佳萃取条件:萃取温度40℃,萃取压力20 MPa,夹带剂采用体积分数为70%的乙醇,适宜用量为300mL/150 g,咖啡碱得率为(0.457±0.036)%.     

超临界CO_2萃取高原香薷精油工艺研究

目的:研究超临界CO2萃取高原香薷精油的最佳工艺条件.方法:通过正交试验研究萃取压力、温度、萃取时间、CO2流量对萃取率的影响.结果:通过各因素级差大小的比较可知,萃取压力是影响萃取的最主要的因素,其他影响因素依次为萃取温度、CO2流量,萃取时间影响最小.结论:优选出最佳萃取条件为萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间1.5h、CO2流量25kg·h-1.在此条件下的精油收率为2.05%.     

应用超临界CO2萃取当归中挥发油的研究

研究超临界CO2流体萃取当归中的挥发油的工艺.方法:用正交试验等方法,研究药材粒度、萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间及解析分离条件对超临界CO2流体萃取挥发油的影响.结果:超临界CO2流体萃取挥发油的最佳工艺条件:原料粒度40目,萃取温度40℃,萃取压力25MPa,萃取时间2h,CO2流量20L/h,分离釜Ⅰ压力8MPa,分离釜Ⅰ温度50℃;分离釜Ⅱ压力6MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度50℃.结论:优选得到的工艺具有较高的提取率,该工艺合理、可行.     

超临界CO2提取青蒿素的工艺

研究了超临界CO2提取青蒿素的工艺,考察了粒度、压力、温度、时间、CO2流量等影响因素.以萃取率为目标,综合考虑产品收率,优化了超临界萃取工艺条件,得到较佳的操作条件:萃取压力20 MPa,萃取温度50℃,每千克原料CO2质量流量1 kg/h,分离器Ⅰ的温度为60℃,压力为14 MPa.在优化条件下萃取4 h,萃取率达到95%以上,萃取物纯度在15%以上.     

超临界流体萃取冬凌草甲素

以鄂西地区的冬凌草为原料,研究萃取压力、萃取温度、分离温度、萃取时间以及夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取冬凌草甲素的产率的影响,找出最佳条件,并通过薄层层析和高效液相色谱分别进行定性、定量分析。结果表明,萃取压力为25MPa,萃取温度为60℃,分离温度为40℃,萃取时间为4h,夹带剂用量为1∶1（w/v）是最佳条件,经高效液相色谱分析得到冬凌草叶子中的冬凌草甲素含量为0.251%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取南方红豆杉针叶中的紫杉醇

采用超临界CO₂萃取法从南方红豆杉针叶中提取分离紫杉醇,重点考察了萃取条件对紫杉醇提取率的影响.结果表明：用含水10%~15%的乙醇为夹带剂,且夹带剂与CO₂流体的体积比为0.12时为最佳萃取溶剂;萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50 ℃,时间2 h为最佳萃取条件.最佳条件下萃取率可达93%以上.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.