三明市城市生活污水处理厂污泥中的重金属含量及其形态分布研究

以福建省三明市生活污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,研究了污泥中重金属的种类及含量,以及重金属的形态分布情况.重金属全量微波消解结果表明,三明市生活污水处理厂的污泥含有Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd等7种重金属,含量由高到低的顺序为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞Co＞Cd,其含量分别为2513.91 mg/kg、438.62 mg/kg、152.3 mg/kg、81.28 mg/kg、35.08 mg/kg、14.43 mg/kg、1.58mg/kg,其中Zn超过污泥农用(酸性土壤)时的标准限制(2000mg/kg).BCR形态分析结果表明,污泥中重金属Zn、Cr和Ni主要以残渣态为主,Cu、Pb、Co和Cd主要以还原态为主.Zn和Cd的不稳定态含量较高,具有潜在的污染影响,在污泥利用时应给予关注.     

秦皇岛冬季典型污染时段PM2.5中重金属和PAHs的污染特征

为了探究近年来秦皇岛市大气中PM_2.5污染特征和影响因素,通过采集冬季重污染时段城区和开发区PM_2.5样品,使用等离子体发射光谱仪和气相色谱-质谱仪,分别测定城区样品中6种元素(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd)和PAHs.结果表明,秦皇岛城区PM_2.5日平均质量浓度186μg/m³,开发区平均质量浓度为118.88μg/m³,城区PM_2.5中各重金属元素的浓度水平排序为Zn＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd,其中Cd为强-极强污染,Pb为中-强污染,Zn属于中等污染,Ni,Cu,Cr等其他元素基本无污染.PM_2.5中定性的检测到奈(Nap)、菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、芘(Pyr)、苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)等单体.PM_2.5日浓度与风速具有显著的负相关性,与相对湿度呈正相关性.     

厦门白鹭卵的重金属含量分析

采用原子吸收法测定及比较厦门白鹭自然保护区鸡屿岛的白鹭(Egretta garzetta)卵的4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn)含量.结果表明,在白鹭卵的混合内含物当中或者在卵清和卵黄当中,4种重金属的含量都是Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,在卵壳当中的含量则是Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd;白鹭卵壳的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为22.594±2.383 μg/g,3.534±0.390 μg/g,11.850±1.877 μg/g,26.802±1.649(wet mass);白鹭卵清的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为0.506±0.110 μg/g,0.180±0.032 μg/g,2.837±0.786 μg/g,10.389±0.361 μg/g(wet mass);白鹭卵黄的的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为0.965±0.131 μg/g,0.537±0.092 μg/g,4.667±0.335 μg/g,13.536±0.327 μg/g(wet mass);白鹭卵壳的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量显著高于卵清和卵黄内的(p＜0.05),卵黄内的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量高于卵清内的(p＜0.05).这表明鸟类能通过将过多的或不需要的重金属分泌到卵壳而排出体外,由此调整体内的元素平衡.     

钦州湾近岸海域底栖生物体内重金属含量与污染评价

采集钦州湾近岸海域8种底栖生物样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定底栖生物体内重金属含量,分析评价底栖生物受重金属污染程度。结果表明,底栖生物体内重金属平均含量从高到低为Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Cr〉Pb〉Hg,其中,软体动物：Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Cr〉Pb〉Hg;甲壳动物：Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Hg;鱼类：Zn〉As〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd〉Hg。不同底栖生物对重金属的富集能力不同,同一种底栖生物对不同重金属的富集能力不同,从大到小为,软体动物：Cu〉Cd〉Cr〉Zn〉As〉Hg〉Pb;甲壳动物：Cu〉Cd〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Hg〉Pb;鱼类：Cr〉As〉Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Hg〉Pb。钦州湾近岸海域底栖生物均未受到重金属污染,但是重金属积累严重,软体动物体内Cd和As超过了国家食品卫生标准值。     

废弃印刷电路板中有毒有害金属含量及浸出特征研究

针对废弃印刷电路板所含重金属的环境风险问题,对汽车、电视机、路由器等电路板中8种主要有毒有害金属含量进行分析,并在此基础上对各金属的赋存形态及浸出特征进行分析评价。实验结果显示：实验范围内电路板中各金属物质的含量差别较大,Fe、Cu、Pb、Cr、Sb、Sn、Cd和As的含量在0.015～294.9 mg/g之间,Cd和As虽然含量较低,但毒性较高。电路板中Cu、As、Sn、Sb的主要赋存形态为残渣态,生态风险等级低;Pb以酸可提取态和氧化态为主,Fe、Cr和Cd以酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态4种形态存在,生态风险等级高。在模拟中性和酸性降雨以及垃圾渗滤液的环境条件下,Cd、Cr、Cu、As、Fe、Sb和Sn均有浸出,Pb在模拟垃圾渗滤液浸出实验中浸出率较高,而As在模拟中性和酸性降雨的浸出率更高。各模拟环境条件下的浸出液中Cd、Cr、Cu、As、Fe、Sb和Sn浓度均超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类指标限值。     

杭州市和睦湿地农田蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni污染评价及富集特性研究

就杭州市和睦湿地农田土壤不同蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Ph、Cd、Cr和Ni污染状况及富集特性进行了研究．结果表明,所检6种蔬菜的茎叶和根系中平均含Cu量、含zn量以及含Cd量均未超标,而Pb含量远远超过了限量标准．从单项污染指数看,各蔬菜（雪菜、芥菜、大白菜、小白菜、蚕豆、萝卜茎叶中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni均达清洁水平．但是,6种蔬菜的茎叶及根系中Pb污染均达重度污染程度．从综合污染指数看,6种蔬菜茎叶及根系重金属污染程度均属于重度污染,且各蔬菜茎叶的综合污染指数大小顺序为：蚕豆〉萝卜〉芥菜〉小白菜〉大白菜〉雪菜．不同蔬菜茎叶及根系对重金属的富集能力大小顺序均为Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd,各蔬菜茎叶对重金属Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd多为轻度富集,而对Pb则多为中度富集和高度富集,且不同蔬菜茎叶Pb富集系数大小顺序为：蚕豆〉萝卜〉芥菜〉小白菜〉大白菜〉雪菜,故和睦湿地农田土壤及蔬菜中的Pb污染应引起重视．     

国内外卷烟及主流烟气中多种元素现状分析研究

为全面了解国内外卷烟及主流烟气中多种元素含量的现状情况,对多种品牌国内外卷烟抽吸燃烧烟丝部分及卷烟主流烟气中的12种元素含量进行分析.结果显示:Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Se、Cd、Al、V、Mn、Cu、Zn、Hg在卷烟烟丝中含量在0.01～700μg/cig之间,含量最高的是Al,含量最低的是Hg,其中Al、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Se 6种元素含量为国外混合国内混合国内烤烟,Cd、Pb、Hg 3种元素含量为国内烤烟国内混合国外混合.卷烟主流烟气中12种元素的含量均较低,Hg、Se、Ni、V在主流烟气中大部分低于方法检出限,Pb、As、Cr、Cd、Al、Mn、Cu、Zn在主流烟气中含量在1.5～220 ng/cig之间,其中Zn、Cd、Al、Pb元素含量相对较高,元素从卷烟烟丝迁移至主流烟气的迁移率较低,在0.1%～10%之间,其中Al、V、Mn、Cu、Ni、Hg,Se几乎很少从烟丝迁移至主流烟气,迁移率最高的为Cd,迁移率近10%;Cd、Pb、Zn、As、Se 5种元素在主流烟气中的含量及其迁移率跟捕集到的烟气粒相物多少成明显正相关关系.     

成都市城市土壤中重金属的现状评价

成都市城市土壤的研究显示,土壤中Hg,Cd,As,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn含量分别为0.31μg/g,0.36μg/g,11.0μg/g,60μg/g,76.9μg/g,42.0μg/g,224μg/g,研究区范围内土壤中重金属平均含量除Cd外,均低于国家土壤二级质量标准。Tessier连续提取法镉形态分析结果表明,镉可交换态含量比例高达33.16%。与国内外其它城市比较,Hg含量较高;Cr,Cu,Zn含量处于中等水平;Cd,As,Pb含量水平相对较低。主要污染来源与工业布局、燃煤、交通、乡镇企业分布等因素有关。     

贵州盘县大气降尘重金属污染含量特征与来源分析

通过2012年对贵州盘县大气降尘样品逐月收集,并利用微波消解、ICP-MS对降尘中重金属元素（Al、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg）的含量进行测定,运用富集因子、相关性和主成分分析其来源与贡献。结果表明：盘县降尘重金属以Fe、Al为主,春季Fe含量最高为33784 mg/kg,其他依次为Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Pb〉Ni〉Cr〉As〉Cd〉Hg。与贵州省土壤背景值相比,降尘中Zn、Cr、Pb的含量较低,Cd、Hg、Cu的含量较高。富集因子法表明：降尘中Hg富集程度较高,Cu、Mn、Ni、As、Cd、Zn、Pb有一定程度的富集,Fe、Cr属于自然源。通过相关性和主成分分析,认为Ni、Cu、As与燃煤相关,Pb、Hg与金属冶炼相关,Cr与地面扬尘相关,其贡献率分别为50.41%、28.86%、20.72%。与其他城市相比较,盘县降尘中Mn、Cr、Pb、Zn的含量偏低,As、Hg、Cd的含量偏高。     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

调查了2009年长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量,平均含量为Cu 27.88 mg/kg、Pb 22.98 mg/kg、Zn 95.88 mg/kg、Cd 0.178 mg/kg、Cr 41.01 mg/kg、Hg 0.031 mg/kg、As 11.40 mg/kg.空间分布上,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 6种重金属含量均在杭州湾北部及长江口南汇交界处呈现最大值,而Cr在调查海域的东部逐渐向近岸海域递减.运用主成分分析评价沉积物中重金属污染来源,同时采用Hakanson指数法评价了沉积物重金属生态风险,结果显示:长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素的潜在生态风险整体表现为轻微.7种重金属元素对长江口及邻近海域潜在生态综合危害的大小贡献顺序为:Cd＞As＞Hg＞Cu=Pb＞Cr＞Zn.Cd的Eir值对RI值的权重贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-