星期的由来

星期是日常生活中一个常用的概念与名称,其来历与说法众多,它们之间有何联系,探讨星期的来历与不同的说法就是阐述、分析的真正目的与意义之所在.     

高寒地区裸燕麦的核型研究

为燕麦种质的鉴定以及高寒地区裸燕麦的推广、遗传育种提供细胞学理论依据,利用根尖压片法对青引3号莜麦(Avena nuda L.cv.Qingyin No.3)的染色体核型进行了分析。结果表明:青引3号莜麦根尖细胞的染色体数目为2n=42,其中包括11对中部着丝点区染色体和10对近中部着丝点区染色体,其核型公式为2n=6x=42=22 m+20 sm(4SAT),其中第14、第16号染色体短臂末端带有随体。青引3号莜麦染色体的核型属于2B型,这是一种较高级的类型。     

磁性磨料制备技术的研究

磁性磨料的制备问题是制约磁力研磨光整加工技术发展的瓶颈,为了促进磁力光整加工技术的发展,需要制备价格低、磨削性能好、使用寿命长的磁性磨料.在系统介绍各种磁性磨料制备方法的基础上,提出了利用雾化快凝法制备磁性磨料的新方法,得到了一些有参考价值的实验数据,为磁性磨料的制备提供了重要的参考依据.     

The origin of mutants

Nucleic acids are replicated with conspicuous fidelity. Infrequently, however, they undergo changes in sequence, and this process of change (mutation) generates the variability that allows evolution. As the result of studies of bacterial variation, it is now widely believed that mutations arise continuously and without any consideration for their utility. In this paper, we briefly review the source of this idea and then describe some experiments suggesting that cells may have mechanisms for choosing which mutations will occur.     

The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods

The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. However, there is no consensus on the origin of the choana despite decades of heated debate; some have claimed that it represents a palatally displaced external nostril, but others have argued that this is implausible because it implies breaking and rejoining the maxillary-premaxillary dental arcade and the maxillary branch of nerve V. The fossil record has not resolved the dispute, because the choana is fully developed in known tetrapod stem-group members. Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.     

The origin of geomagnetic jerks

Geomagnetic jerks, which in the second half of the twentieth century occurred in 1969 (refs 1, 2), 1978 (refs 3, 4), 1991 (ref. 5) and 1999 (ref. 6), are abrupt changes in the second time-derivative (secular acceleration) of the Earth's magnetic field. Jerks separate periods of almost steady secular acceleration, so that the first time-derivative (secular variation) appears as a series of straight-line segments separated by geomagnetic jerks. The fact that they represent a reorganization of the secular variation implies that they are of internal origin (as has been established through spherical harmonic analysis), and their short timescale implies that they are due to a change in the fluid flow at the surface of the Earth's core (as has also been established through mapping the time-varying flow at the core surface). However, little is understood of their physical origin. Here we show that geomagnetic jerks can be explained by the combination of a steady flow and a simple time-varying, axisymmetric, equatorially symmetric, toroidal zonal flow. Such a flow is consistent with torsional oscillations in the Earth's core, which are simple oscillatory flows in the core that are expected on theoretical grounds, and observed in both core flow models and numerical dynamo models.     

The origin of human cancers

The limited evidence available suggests that most human cancers are not caused by conventional mutagens but are more likely to be the result of genetic transpositions. Although the molecular biology of transposition is starting to be understood, the external factors that influence its frequency have not yet been studied in any detail.     

概率论公理化源头初探

目的鉴于概率论公理化在概率论历史上的重要性,尝试研究其产生的背景和过程。方法对原始文献进行综合分析。结果柯尔莫戈洛夫(АНКолмогоро,в1903—1987)的《概率论基础》建立了概率论的公理化体系,奠定了近代概率论的基础。结论对概率论基本概念的探讨及研究工具的改进,使得概率论成为一门严格的数学分支。     

The limits of selection during maize domestication

The domestication of all major crop plants occurred during a brief period in human history about 10,000 years ago. During this time, ancient agriculturalists selected seed of preferred forms and culled out seed of undesirable types to produce each subsequent generation. Consequently, favoured alleles at genes controlling traits of interest increased in frequency, ultimately reaching fixation. When selection is strong, domestication has the potential to drastically reduce genetic diversity in a crop. To understand the impact of selection during maize domestication, we examined nucleotide polymorphism in teosinte branched1, a gene involved in maize evolution. Here we show that the effects of selection were limited to the gene's regulatory region and cannot be detected in the protein-coding region. Although selection was apparently strong, high rates of recombination and a prolonged domestication period probably limited its effects. Our results help to explain why maize is such a variable crop. They also suggest that maize domestication required hundreds of years, and confirm previous evidence that maize was domesticated from Balsas teosinte of southwestern Mexico.     

上海地区气传花粉的监测

于2009年10月开始,进行为期一年的花粉采样.共设6个采样点,采用Cour风标式花粉收集器,对气传花粉的含量、种类和飘散规律进行了监测.共鉴定气传花粉5324164粒,隶属32科27属种.其中普陀区监测点气传花粉总数最高,其次分别是松江区、闸北区、浦东新区、徐汇区和宝山区.松江区花粉种数最多,为48种;徐汇最少,为37种.主要气传花粉为葎草、悬铃木属、松科、杉科、禾本科、榆属、蒿属和柳属等.春季3～4月和秋季9月为气传花粉散布高峰.最后,讨论了植被分布对本次监测的影响,不同域区气传花粉种类及散布规律比较,采样方法的影响,气传花粉与过敏捷性病病的联系等问题.     

气敏元件裸片动态性能参数检测系统

介绍了基于MSP430单片机、MCGS组态软件和Mudbus通信协议的气敏元件裸片性能参数动态检测系统．该系统能够实现温度、气体流量的控制,自动采集并记录温度、气体流量、气敏元件电阻或电压等参数,取代人工进行数据记录、数据整理和数据处理等烦琐工作,提高了检测精度与工作效率．     

发芽对裸燕麦营养品质的影响

发芽是一种有效提升谷物营养特性的绿色加工方法,为了进一步改善裸燕麦的营养价值,研究了不同发芽时间处理对裸燕麦营养品质的影响。研究结果显示,发芽对蛋白质含量无影响,但能提升裸燕麦内源淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性,造成脂肪含量显著下降及淀粉颗粒形貌改变。游离氨基酸含量随发芽时间增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,且氨基酸组成中谷氨酸、丝氨酸显著降低,丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸显著增加。体外模拟消化结果显示,发芽能显著改变淀粉、蛋白质及脂肪的消化特性,相比于0 d,发芽1 d的裸燕麦还原糖释放量下降17.95 mg/g,蛋白质水解度提升14.23%,脂肪酸释放量下降29.73 μmol/g。综合上述研究结果,发芽1 d的裸燕麦是一款具有低升糖、低脂肪消化和高蛋白利用的营养产品,本研究为裸燕麦提质增效开发与研究提供了新思路。     

The trajectory parameters analysis of saltating sand grains driven by wind

The study of trajectory parameters of saltating sand grains is of great importance to forming the kinematic theory of wind-sand current. By establishing the simplified theoretical pattern and probing into the relationship between lift-off angle (α) and landing angle (β), relationship between the ratio of saltation length ( L) to maximum height (H) and lift-off angle as well as the angular variation laws of any point on the trajectory, it has been demonstrated that the relations among these parameters are nonlinear. Meanwhile, it has also been proved that the theoretical analysis is basically reliable in accordance with the wind tunnel experiments using high-speed multiflash photography. Generally, the trajectory shapes of saltating sand grains are controlled precisely and the theoretical analysis is closely combined with the experimental results.     

The evolutionary origin of complex features

A long-standing challenge to evolutionary theory has been whether it can explain the origin of complex organismal features. We examined this issue using digital organisms--computer programs that self-replicate, mutate, compete and evolve. Populations of digital organisms often evolved the ability to perform complex logic functions requiring the coordinated execution of many genomic instructions. Complex functions evolved by building on simpler functions that had evolved earlier, provided that these were also selectively favoured. However, no particular intermediate stage was essential for evolving complex functions. The first genotypes able to perform complex functions differed from their non-performing parents by only one or two mutations, but differed from the ancestor by many mutations that were also crucial to the new functions. In some cases, mutations that were deleterious when they appeared served as stepping-stones in the evolution of complex features. These findings show how complex functions can originate by random mutation and natural selection.