Cyclotron resonance of composite fermions.

It is occasionally possible to interpret strongly interacting many-body systems within a single-particle framework by introducing suitable fictitious entities, or 'quasi-particles'. A notable recent example of the successful application of such an approach is for a two-dimensional electron system that is exposed to a strong perpendicular magnetic field. The conduction properties of the system are governed by electron-electron interactions, which cause the fractional quantum Hall effect. Composite fermions, electrons that are dressed with magnetic flux quanta pointing opposite to the applied magnetic field, were identified as apposite quasi-particles that simplify our understanding of the fractional quantum Hall effect. They precess, like electrons, along circular cyclotron orbits, but with a diameter determined by a reduced effective magnetic field. The frequency of their cyclotron motion has hitherto remained enigmatic, as the effective mass is no longer related to the band mass of the original electrons and is entirely generated from electron-electron interactions. Here we demonstrate enhanced absorption of a microwave field in the composite fermion regime, and interpret it as a resonance with the frequency of their circular motion. From this inferred cyclotron resonance, we derive a composite fermion effective mass that varies from 0.7 to 1.2 times that of the electron mass in vacuum as their density is tuned from 0.6 x 10(11) cm(-2) to 1.2 x 10(11) cm(-2).     

复合材料机身帽型长桁加筋壁板剪切失稳及张力场计算

摘 要 碳纤维复合材料逐渐大量应用于大型民机机身设计,本文通过分析和试验的方法研究了复材机身单曲率壁板在剪切载荷下的失稳及破坏特性。采用先进的大型机身壁板试验设备完成单曲率壁板的剪切载荷试验,得到壁板的失稳模态和失稳载荷、破坏模式和破坏载荷。采用不同边界的工程方法和有限元特征值方法研究了机身壁板的剪切失稳特性。采用剪切张力场分析方法研究复材壁板的剪切破坏特性。最后通过试验结果完善了剪切失稳分析方法,验证了剪切张力场分析方法,为复材机身壁板的设计分析提供支持。     

扩展的Cooper变换

提出一种扩展的Cooper变换模式,用结构归纳法证明了其正确性,并给出应用示例。     

费米子的弱荷

从标准模型的中性流出发引入费米子弱荷的新概念,并对它们的性质进行讨论．根据弱荷的对称性,提出所有的中微子都是有质量的,但右手中微子和左手反中微子的弱荷为零,因而不参与弱相互作用．根据弱荷的手征性,合理地解释了弱相互作用中宇称不守恒的原因．     

非平坦时空中相对论性的玻色子和费米子

在背景度规ds2=u2(x)(-dt2 dx2) dy2 dz2下,本文研究相对论性的玻色子和费米子,得出了相应于Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程的连续性方程.当u(x)是奇函数时,体系的哈密顿算符H具有空间反演不变性,宇称守恒.对于特殊情况u(x)=ex,计算出了玻色子和费米子的本征波函数.     

Cu2+ 对钝顶螺旋藻(5pirulina platensis)的毒性影响

利用CuSO     

Cu~(2+)对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulinaplatensis)的毒性影响

利用CuSO4 溶液研究了Cu2 + 对钝顶螺旋藻 (Spirulinaplatensis)的毒性影响。Cu2 + 在24和48h时对钝顶螺旋藻的半数有效浓度 (EC50)分别为46.84和23.91μmol/L,对钝顶螺旋藻的安全浓度为1.869μmol/L。与其他藻类相比 ,钝顶螺旋藻对Cu2 + 耐受性较强     

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schr?dinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.     

Coherent transfer of Cooper pairs by a movable grain

Superconducting circuits that incorporate Josephson junctions are of considerable experimental and theoretical interest, particularly in the context of quantum computing. A nanometre-sized superconducting grain (commonly referred to as a Cooper-pair box) connected to a reservoir by a Josephson junction is an important example of such a system. Although the grain contains a large number of electrons, it has been experimentally demonstrated that its states are given by a superposition of only two charge states (differing by 2e, where e is the electronic charge). Coupling between charge transfer and mechanical motion in nanometre-sized structures has also received considerable attention. Here we demonstrate theoretically that a movable Cooper-pair box oscillating periodically between two remote superconducting electrodes can serve as a mediator of Josephson coupling, leading to coherent transfer of Cooper pairs between the electrodes. Both the magnitude and the direction of the resulting Josephson current can be controlled by externally applied electrostatic fields.     

Sanderson's电负性均衡原理与库柏对电子

库柏电子对是超导电性机制理论中电声子理论的基础.在超导电性理论的研究中占有非常重要的地位.超导材料的种类非常广泛,有单质金属、合金材料、有机化合物、非金属单质、金属与非金属掺杂材料、金属氧化物.因此对不同材料中库柏对电子起源,状态特征的认识,对于全面认识超导电性的特征具有十分重要的意义.在本文中,以电声子机制超导电性理论为基础,用电负性均衡原理研究了元素之间键的形成对超导电性影响的特征,得出了在超导材料中由于元素之间键的形成,库柏对的电子特征具有特殊的性质,库柏对电子的来源取决于承担超导电性的元素之间键的性质特征.这对于全面理解电声子超导理论具有重要意义.对于进一步研究高Tc铜氧化物超导体的超导电性机理具有重要的指导性意义.     

Evidence for superfluidity of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice

The study of superfluid fermion pairs in a periodic potential has important ramifications for understanding superconductivity in crystalline materials. By using cold atomic gases, various models of condensed matter can be studied in a highly controllable environment. Weakly repulsive fermions in an optical lattice could undergo d-wave pairing at low temperatures, a possible mechanism for high temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides. The lattice potential could also strongly increase the critical temperature for s-wave superfluidity. Recent experimental advances in bulk atomic gases include the observation of fermion-pair condensates and high-temperature superfluidity. Experiments with fermions and bosonic bound pairs in optical lattices have been reported but have not yet addressed superfluid behaviour. Here we report the observation of distinct interference peaks when a condensate of fermionic atom pairs is released from an optical lattice, implying long-range order (a property of a superfluid). Conceptually, this means that s-wave pairing and coherence of fermion pairs have now been established in a lattice potential, in which the transport of atoms occurs by quantum mechanical tunnelling and not by simple propagation. These observations were made for interactions on both sides of a Feshbach resonance. For larger lattice depths, the coherence was lost in a reversible manner, possibly as a result of a transition from superfluid to insulator. Such strongly interacting fermions in an optical lattice can be used to study a new class of hamiltonians with interband and atom-molecule couplings.     

Comparison of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect for bosons and fermions

Fifty years ago, Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) discovered photon bunching in light emitted by a chaotic source, highlighting the importance of two-photon correlations and stimulating the development of modern quantum optics. The quantum interpretation of bunching relies on the constructive interference between amplitudes involving two indistinguishable photons, and its additive character is intimately linked to the Bose nature of photons. Advances in atom cooling and detection have led to the observation and full characterization of the atomic analogue of the HBT effect with bosonic atoms. By contrast, fermions should reveal an antibunching effect (a tendency to avoid each other). Antibunching of fermions is associated with destructive two-particle interference, and is related to the Pauli principle forbidding more than one identical fermion to occupy the same quantum state. Here we report an experimental comparison of the fermionic and bosonic HBT effects in the same apparatus, using two different isotopes of helium: (3)He (a fermion) and 4He (a boson). Ordinary attractive or repulsive interactions between atoms are negligible; therefore, the contrasting bunching and antibunching behaviour that we observe can be fully attributed to the different quantum statistics of each atomic species. Our results show how atom-atom correlation measurements can be used to reveal details in the spatial density or momentum correlations in an atomic ensemble. They also enable the direct observation of phase effects linked to the quantum statistics of a many-body system, which may facilitate the study of more exotic situations.     

Designer Dirac fermions and topological phases in molecular graphene

The observation of massless Dirac fermions in monolayer graphene has generated a new area of science and technology seeking to harness charge carriers that behave relativistically within solid-state materials. Both massless and massive Dirac fermions have been studied and proposed in a growing class of Dirac materials that includes bilayer graphene, surface states of topological insulators and iron-based high-temperature superconductors. Because the accessibility of this physics is predicated on the synthesis of new materials, the quest for Dirac quasi-particles has expanded to artificial systems such as lattices comprising ultracold atoms. Here we report the emergence of Dirac fermions in a fully tunable condensed-matter system-molecular graphene-assembled by atomic manipulation of carbon monoxide molecules over a conventional two-dimensional electron system at a copper surface. Using low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we embed the symmetries underlying the two-dimensional Dirac equation into electron lattices, and then visualize and shape the resulting ground states. These experiments show the existence within the system of linearly dispersing, massless quasi-particles accompanied by a density of states characteristic of graphene. We then tune the quantum tunnelling between lattice sites locally to adjust the phase accrual of propagating electrons. Spatial texturing of lattice distortions produces atomically sharp p-n and p-n-p junction devices with two-dimensional control of Dirac fermion density and the power to endow Dirac particles with mass. Moreover, we apply scalar and vector potentials locally and globally to engender topologically distinct ground states and, ultimately, embedded gauge fields, wherein Dirac electrons react to 'pseudo' electric and magnetic fields present in their reference frame but absent from the laboratory frame. We demonstrate that Landau levels created by these gauge fields can be taken to the relativistic magnetic quantum limit, which has so far been inaccessible in natural graphene. Molecular graphene provides a versatile means of synthesizing exotic topological electronic phases in condensed matter using tailored nanostructures.     

铜带精轧机带材除油问题的分析与改进

以一些企业对铜带精轧机产品质量的提升方案为例,从轧制油的特点及带材表面除油效果对生产的影响出发,对常用的几种除油方法、结构细节及使用情况进行分析,并根据各种除油装置的缺点和不足,提出若干改进措施.根据各企业对产品质量的实际需要,结合其机组配置情况,对其除油装置进行了多种尝试性改造.通过一系列措施的实施,结合后序产品质量的检验结果,改进后的除油装置在实际生产中取得了较好的效果：轧制油的残留量显著减少;带材表面质量进一步提高;同时也拓宽了精轧机稳定生产的轧制速度.     

一维费米原子系统中的拓扑超流和Majorana费米子

通过数值求解Bogoliubov de Gennes方程,研究了具有自旋轨道耦合作用的一维费米晶格系统的性质．结果表明：在有限的自旋轨道耦合下和一定的磁场强度时,系统具有零能,此时的准粒子即为Majorana费米子．准无序效应研究表明,Majorana费米子不会被弱准无序所破坏．     

Visualizing heavy fermions emerging in a quantum critical Kondo lattice

In solids containing elements with f orbitals, the interaction between f-electron spins and those of itinerant electrons leads to the development of low-energy fermionic excitations with a heavy effective mass. These excitations are fundamental to the appearance of unconventional superconductivity and non-Fermi-liquid behaviour observed in actinide- and lanthanide-based compounds. Here we use spectroscopic mapping with the scanning tunnelling microscope to detect the emergence of heavy excitations with lowering of temperature in a prototypical family of cerium-based heavy-fermion compounds. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the tunnelling process to the composite nature of these heavy quasiparticles, which arises from quantum entanglement of itinerant conduction and f electrons. Scattering and interference of the composite quasiparticles is used to resolve their energy-momentum structure and to extract their mass enhancement, which develops with decreasing temperature. The lifetime of the emergent heavy quasiparticles reveals signatures of enhanced scattering and their spectral lineshape shows evidence of energy-temperature scaling. These findings demonstrate that proximity to a quantum critical point results in critical damping of the emergent heavy excitation of our Kondo lattice system.     

任意空间维倾斜狄拉克费米子的带内纵向光电导的推导

狄拉克费米子是当前凝聚态物理中的研究热点.狄拉克费米子的纵向光电导,因其能够提取能带结构信息而被广泛关注.本文基于低能有效模型与线性响应理论,利用生成函数方法,解析地处理零温下任意空间维、任意倾斜相的狄拉克费米子的带内纵向光电导.特别地,我们讨论了二维和三维空间情况,并揭示了不同维度的倾斜类型对带内纵向光电导的影响.文中发展的生成函数方法有望用于其他相关问题的研究.     

掉期交易持仓、非商业持仓对期铜价格影响的实证分析

对于大宗商品期货价格是否因投机炒作而剧烈波动,各方看法不一。本文基于美国商品期货交易委员会发布的持仓报告系统改革后的新数据,对前人的模型中变量做出了修正。本文通过计算投机指数T和采用基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数等一系列计量经济方法对非商业持仓头寸、掉期交易持仓头寸与期铜价格的关系进行了实证检验,结果显示大量的掉期交易多头头寸无法对冲,非商业持仓净头寸的波动对价格波动幅度有推动作用。