基于低场核磁共振技术的致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理研究

致密砂岩气藏孔隙度、渗透率较低,微观孔喉尺度细小,在生产及压裂过程中极易产生水锁伤害。为开展致密储层防水锁作用机理研究,本文将常规岩心自吸实验、防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验与低场核磁共振技术相结合,从微观角度揭示致密砂岩储层微纳米级孔喉中的防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏防水锁相关研究提供理论依据。研究结果显示,加入防水锁添加剂后,流体表面张力下降,接触角增大,自吸速率变慢,渗透率有一定程度恢复;在此基础上,通过核磁共振T2谱从微观角度评价缓慢自吸阶段液体在不同孔喉尺度范围内的液相水锁滞留现象,其中加入防水锁添加剂后在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处自吸液相平均占比为38.61%,整体孔喉平均液相占比为35.79%。而在未加入防水锁试剂的样品中在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处液相占比为67.48%,整体孔喉占比为54.52%;通过防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验得出,加入防水锁剂后渗透率恢复程度在15.38%～20.19%,整体液相滞留占比平均下降幅度在10.73%。研究发现防水锁剂有效地降低了较小孔候处液相滞留占比,降低流体表面张力以及增大岩心疏水性能,揭示了致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏降低水锁伤害程度、提高返排效率,为实现高效开发提供理论支撑。     

气井防水锁防粘土膨胀射孔液研究与应用

通过分析盆5、滴西14等多个气藏的储层物性、岩性、敏感性等储层资料,开展了水锁伤害和结垢堵塞伤害评价研究。发现新疆气田气藏敏感性强,气藏粘土膨胀伤害、水锁伤害和结垢堵塞伤害较为严重。针对储层伤害的特点,本文研制了粘土防膨剂、共聚物防垢剂、咪唑啉类缓蚀剂,优选了高效防水锁剂和无固相加重剂等,开发了满足新疆气藏气井射孔作业储层保护需要的防水锁防粘土膨胀射孔液,同时根据不同气田射孔作业的需要,确定了射孔液的配方调整方法。结果显示,现场应用效果良好,测试表皮系数比邻井降低了20%~50%,有效解决了射孔作业储层污染的问题。该射孔液具有防水锁伤害、防粘土膨胀伤害的功能,同时具有密度可调、性能稳定等特点,对气藏储层伤害小,在新疆气田致密气藏、水敏气藏的气井射孔作业中具有良好的推广应用价值。     

东方1-1气田低渗疏松砂岩气藏伤害机理研究

低渗疏松砂岩气藏不仅具有常规低渗气层孔喉细小、敏感性矿物含量高、毛细管压力大的特点,同时储层胶结疏松,在钻完井、开发过程中易受到损害。以南海DF1-1气田低渗疏松砂岩气藏为研究对象,针对气藏自身特点并结合现场施工工艺,改进了石油天然气行业标准对工作液伤害的评价方法,并系统评价了气藏的伤害机理。研究结果表明:PRD钻完井液体系对气层主要损害机理为有机固相堵塞和水锁;生产过程中微粒运移伤害程度弱。改进后方法的评价结果更加符合现场生产实际。建议在后期开发井钻完井设计中优化PRD钻井液体系配方,加入5%粗粒刚性封堵颗粒,有效降低有机固相、液相侵入程度;增加完井液中破胶剂用量至6%,提高破胶效率。     

大情字井油田青一段特低渗透储层物性主控因素

为研究地质作用对特低渗透储层物性的影响,查明影响储层物性的主控因素,提高油气勘探的成功率,依托岩心观察、岩心物性分析化验和薄片鉴定等资料,选取岩性、沉积、溶蚀、胶结、构造及埋深6个影响因素,采用地质统计学和参数交会图相关分析等方法,对松辽盆地大情字井油田青一段特低渗透储层物性影响因素进行了系统研究。结果表明:青一段储层物性存在一定的差异,具有低孔-特低孔、特低渗-超低渗的特点;岩性、沉积相是影响储层物性的最重要主控因素,细砂岩较其他岩性的物性好,邻近沉积物源的井区物性较好,远离沉积物源的井区物性相对较差;溶蚀作用和胶结作用从建设性和破坏性两方面均对储层物性有较大的影响,碳酸盐、泥质胶结是导致储层孔隙度、渗透性变差的一个重要影响因素;构造作用仅在断层附近能够改善储层的渗透性能,而远离断层的井区物性几乎不受构造作用的影响;随埋深增加,储层孔隙度和渗透率降低趋势均不明显,揭示出埋深对储层物性影响较小的特征。     

广安气田须四段低渗砂岩气藏渗流机理研究

在对储层特征进行详细分析的基础上,从毛管压力、储层结构特征、两相渗流特征、气体单相低速渗流特征和水锁、油锁损害等方面,深入研究了广安气田须四段低渗砂岩气藏渗流机理。研究结表明:须四段低渗砂岩气藏孔隙度集中在3%～7%之间,渗透率集中在0.001×10-3μm2～16.2×10-3μm2之间,属典型的低孔、低渗气藏。毛管压力曲线具有双峰态特征,属于中等偏差储层,孔喉中值半径0.1μm可作为划分储层与非储层的界限。低渗储层气水共存时,气体渗流受到滑脱效应和毛管力影响,低速渗流阶段,毛管力影响较为明显,使气体渗流产生低速非达西渗流现象。由于储层初始含水饱和度较高,随着部分可动水能够采出,水锁损害将得到改善,但凝析油析出量的增加,在喉道处易形成的"贾敏效应",增大气相渗流阻力,影响气井产能,造成油锁损害。     

低渗含水气藏非达西渗流规律及其应用.

气藏开发实践和室内实验研究均表明低渗含水气藏气体渗流存在启动压力现象,研究启动压力梯度的影响因素和变化规律对气藏开发具有重要意义。通过长岩芯多测点气藏物理模拟实验方法,研究了低渗含水砂岩气藏气相启动压力梯度变化规律,对该参数与储层渗透率、含水饱和度进行了相关性分析,建立了低渗含水气藏启动压力梯度计算通式。结合气藏渗流理论,采用建立的启动压力梯度表征方法,针对典型气藏进行应用分析,确定了气井有效动用半径,形成了有效动用半径与储层渗透率和含水饱和度的关系图版,为类似气藏开发早期井网部署以及开发中后期井网加密提供了技术指导。     

特低渗透油藏入井流体顺序接触储层损害评价

特低渗透油气资源在剩余油气资源中的地位越来越凸显。由于低孔低渗的特点,特低渗透油层在钻井、完井、采油、增产改造、EOR 等全过程均会发生储层损害。以镇泾油田长8 组为研究对象,对钻井完井液、压井液和压裂液顺序接触储层对储层的损害进行了方法探讨和实验评价。结果表明,钻井完井液对储层的损害最严重,压裂液次之,压井液最轻。分析表明,流体敏感性损害和漏失损害是钻完井液损害储层的主要因素。压裂液乳化、残渣、液相圈闭、浸泡时间损害,天然裂缝与水力裂缝堵塞,压裂液的冷却效应是压裂液损害的主要因素。最终提出了加入封堵剂改善钻完井液性能,从压裂工艺、压裂液体系出发改善压裂液的解决方式,实现全过程储层保护是特低渗油藏开发的关键。     

元坝地区须三段天然气富集控制因素

 结合层序地层学理论、岩心观察、岩心分析实验结果及钻井测试资料等,分析了元坝地区须三段的层序地层特征、储层岩性特征、储层微观特征及天然气富集的控制因素。目的层储层岩性复杂,以西部发育钙屑砂岩,东部发育岩屑石英砂岩为主要特征。岩心分析实验表明:目的层储层物性差,属于特低孔-低渗次生致密砂岩储层;须三段上部3 个砂组天然气相对富集,在富气砂组内有利岩性带、砂体厚度是天然气聚集的基础条件,储层内部发育裂缝和溶蚀孔组合是天然气富集的关键因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白河地区长4+5储层控制因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地白河地区延长组长4+5油层组是重要的储集层,包括长4+51和长4+52等2个小层,弄清该区的储层特征及其控制因素具有重要意义。对储层岩石学特征、孔隙特征、储层物性特征及储层影响因素进行分析,评价了储层的储集性能及非均质性。结果表明,该区砂岩由浅灰色含油细粒长石砂岩、细-中粒长石砂岩和中粒长石砂岩组成;储层孔隙类型以粒间孔、溶孔和微裂缝为主,储层整体上呈特低孔、特低渗储层特征。沉积作用和成岩作用是造成储层特低孔、特低渗的主要原因,沉积作用控制了砂体的展布;成岩作用过程中压实与胶结作用使储层孔隙大量减少,溶蚀作用对孔隙建造具有积极作用。根据岩性和物性特征,该区储集岩呈现空间上的非均质性,且长4+52储集性能明显好于长4+51。     

二连盆地白北凹陷腾格尔组储层特征及分布规律

为了明确白北凹陷腾格尔组储层特征和分布规律,指导下一步勘探工作。通过白北凹陷6口探井的岩心观察,薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、储层物性等研究,分析了腾格尔组储层岩电特征、物性特征、平面物性特征,并利用测井曲线结合地震资料进行了测井约束反演,研究预测腾格尔组储层分布规律。结果表明:白北凹陷腾格尔组储层的岩石类型以砾岩、砂岩、泥质粉砂岩和灰岩为主,砂岩孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙,储层非均质性很强,为特低孔特低渗-超低孔超低渗储层。储层渗透率的变化主要受相带的影响,孔隙度相对较大的区带主要分布在SC1井东西两侧以及YM4井东部。研究认为在南部斜坡带发育3套储层;在北部西佰分支断层下降盘根部发育2套储层;在西佰断层下降盘根部发育3套储层。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-