离子响应淀粉接枝共聚聚丙烯酸钠智能性凝胶的合成及性能

用辐射法制得的高吸水性淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠水凝胶，在一定离子强度的溶液中表现出的体积收缩现象，是一种新型的人工智能材料．在不同的离子强度、离子价态和凝胶体积状态下，这一材料所表现出来的不同体积收缩规律符合Ｄｏｎｎａｎ规律．收缩后的凝胶在一定条件下可以快速溶胀，表现出一定的伸缩可逆性．通过设计的简单传动装置，可大致得出水凝胶在伸缩过程中做功的大小．     

A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature and solvent composition have potential applications in biomedicine and the creation of 'intelligent' materials systems, for example as media for drug delivery, separation processes and protein immobilization. Hydrogels have been reported that respond to pH, temperature, electric fields and saccharides. For some biomedical applications it would be very useful to have a material whose swelling response was dictated by a specific protein. Here we report such a material, which swells reversibly in a buffer solution in response to a specific antigen. The hydrogel was prepared by grafting the antigen and corresponding antibody to the polymer network, so that binding between the two introduces crosslinks in the network. Competitive binding of the free antigen triggers a change in gel volume owing to breaking of these non-covalent crosslinks. In addition, we show that the hydrogel displays shape-memory behaviour, and that stepwise changes in antigen concentration can induce pulsatile permeation of a protein through the network.     

水热条件对硅酸盐水泥的水化及其干缩性能的影响

通过强度试验、干缩测定、MIP、TG-DSC、NMR分析,研究了不同水热条件下硅酸盐水泥的早期（3 d）水化及其干缩性能。结果表明：约2 d时间的水养护温度由20℃提高到60℃,水泥的早期（3 d）水化程度显著提高,C-S-H凝胶数量显著增多,同时C-S-H凝胶的硅酸盐聚合度提高,C-S-H的表面积减小,致密度提高;水泥的3 d强度显著提高,但28 d强度明显下降;水泥的干缩显著减小。养护温度提高减小干缩的原因是由于干燥前C-S-H凝胶的化学结构等发生变化而使水泥的不可逆干缩显著减小。     

Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers

The effects of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), caused by the interaction of matter and the electromagnetic field in subwavelength resonant structures, have been the subject of intense research in recent years. The generation of coherent radiation by subwavelength resonant structures has attracted considerable interest, not only as a means of exploring the QED effects that emerge at small volume, but also for its potential in applications ranging from on-chip optical communication to ultrahigh-resolution and high-throughput imaging, sensing and spectroscopy. One such strand of research is aimed at developing the 'ultimate' nanolaser: a scalable, low-threshold, efficient source of radiation that operates at room temperature and occupies a small volume on a chip. Different resonators have been proposed for the realization of such a nanolaser--microdisk and photonic bandgap resonators, and, more recently, metallic, metallo-dielectric and plasmonic resonators. But progress towards realizing the ultimate nanolaser has been hindered by the lack of a systematic approach to scaling down the size of the laser cavity without significantly increasing the threshold power required for lasing. Here we describe a family of coaxial nanostructured cavities that potentially solve the resonator scalability challenge by means of their geometry and metal composition. Using these coaxial nanocavities, we demonstrate the smallest room-temperature, continuous-wave telecommunications-frequency laser to date. In addition, by further modifying the design of these coaxial nanocavities, we achieve thresholdless lasing with a broadband gain medium. In addition to enabling laser applications, these nanoscale resonators should provide a powerful platform for the development of other QED devices and metamaterials in which atom-field interactions generate new functionalities.     

氧化铁／二氧化硅多孔凝胶玻璃的制备

以硝酸铁为原料，采用溶胶－凝胶工艺制备了含氧化铁多孔的二氧化硅凝胶玻璃，分别制备了不同含铁量的凝胶样品，均可获得均匀的溶胶和凝胶。研究了热处理温度和气氛与氧化铁物相的关系。采用ＸＲＤ及ＤＴＡ分析，并对材料中的物相进行了鉴定。对部分样品进行了ＳＥＭ形貌观察。     

Amidourea-based homoduplex as a super organogelator

The amidourea-based homoduplex was developed as a super organogelator,which could form stable gels in wide-tested solvents.And the reversible gel to solution transition was responsive to heat/cool and acid/base stimuli.The organogels were extensively investigated by 1 H NMR,UV-visible absorption spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.Based on these data,the gelation mechanism was rationally proposed.The hydrogen-bonded homoduplexes served as the basic assembling units,and further aggregated into three dimensional networks via-stacking and van der Waals interactions,which consequently led to the entangled fibers for the gel formation.     

SCMC－H_2O－OPC体系中的絮凝现象

在羧甲基纤维素钠水溶性聚合物的参与下，难以看到在水泥浆中常常发生的吸附或搭接现象，此时出现一种可逆的絮凝作用．实验结果表明，少量的表面活性剂ＳＮ－２不但可以取代吸附在水泥粒子表面的水溶性聚合物，从而导致解絮，而且可同步地缩聚浆体中的可溶性聚合物．一种在水泥粒子和水溶性聚合物之间的交错镶嵌型机理显得非常适用于所实验的体系，并作了讨论．     

pH敏感聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶的合成及性能研究

“智能”高分子水凝胶是一类对于外界环境微小的物理和化学刺激（如：温度、pH等）,其自身性质会发生明显改变的聚合物,具有传感、处理和执行功能,以及在医药与生物工程中具有良好的应用和发展前景．通过本实验,本文对PMMA凝胶的纯化。以及引发剂、交联剂用量对于凝胶的溶胀性能的影响进行了研究．     

CaCl2/LiCl改性中孔硅胶的吸附/脱附性能

使用不同的金属盐溶液对中孔硅胶进行改性，并采用间歇式吸附方法研究了水蒸气在硅胶上的吸附动力学实验，利用程序升温脱附技术测定了水在改性硅胶上的程序升温脱附（TPD）曲线并估算了水的脱附活化能，讨论了表面改性对硅胶吸湿性能以及水的脱附活化能的影响．实验结果表明：与C型中孔硅胶相比，经CaCl2或LiCl改性的中孔硅胶，孔容变小而平均孔径变大，在相对湿度（RH）小于80％的范围内，其吸湿性能明显增加，水的脱附活化能也增大；由于Ca^2＋的极化势大于Li^＋的极化势，水分子在经CaCl2改性的硅胶上的脱附活化能要大于其在经LiCl改性硅胶上的脱附活化能．     

载体孔径尺寸与酶分子尺寸的关系

以不同孔径的聚苯乙烯小球作载体研究固定化酶,使酶的分子尺寸与载体孔径尺寸匹配.     

Control of conformational and interpolymer effects in conjugated polymers.

The role of conjugated polymers in emerging electronic, sensor and display technologies is rapidly expanding. In spite of extensive investigations, the intrinsic spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymers in precise conformational and spatial arrangements have remained elusive. The difficulties of obtaining such information are endemic to polymers, which often resist assembly into single crystals or organized structures owing to entropic and polydispersity considerations. Here we show that the conformation of individual polymers and interpolymer interactions in conjugated polymers can be controlled through the use of designed surfactant poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene) Langmuir films. We show that by mechanically inducing reversible conformational changes of these Langmuir monolayers, we can obtain the precise interrelationship of the intrinsic optical properties of a conjugated polymer and a single chain's conformation and/or interpolymer interactions. This method for controlling the structure of conjugated polymers and establishing their intrinsic spectroscopic properties should permit a more comprehensive understanding of fluorescent conjugated materials.     

剪切与吸附对弱凝胶深部调驱作用的影响

分别用玻璃微珠、石英砂、露头砂制作填砂模型，研究了弱凝胶体系的动态性能变化以及剪切与吸附对其深部调驱作用的影响。研究结果表明，动态条件下弱凝胶体系在3种介质中均可发生交联反应，其封堵能力、有效作用距离、深部调驱作用在玻璃模型、石英模型、露头模型中依次降低，水驱后弱凝胶均呈颗粒状。剪切作用可破坏弱凝胶三维结构及聚合物分子链，延长动态成胶时间，降低弱凝胶的封堵强度及其深部调驱作用；吸附作用可富集交联剂，加快交联速度，缩短动态成胶时间，降低弱凝胶本身强度、可运移性及其深部调驱作用。     

3D Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds Fabricated by Rapid Prototyping for Bone Tissue Engineering

Colloidal gels made of oppositely charged nanoparticles are a novel class of hydrogels and can exhibit pseudoplastic behavior which will enable them to mold easily into specific shapes. These moldable gels can be used as building blocks to self-assemble into integral scaffolds from bottom to up through electrostatic forces. However, they are too weak to maintain scaffold morphology just depending on interparticle interactions such as Van der Waals attraction and electrostatic forces especially for bone tissue engineering. In this study, oppositely charged gelatin nanoparticles were firstly prepared by two-step desolvation method, followed by the mixture with water to form colloid gels. To solve the problem of weak mechanical performance of colloid gels, gelatin macromolecules were introduced into the prepared gels to form blend gels. The blend gels can be easily processed into three-dimensional （3D） porous scaffolds via motor assisted microsyringe （MAM） system, a nozzle-based rapid prototyping technology, under mild conditions. After fabrication the scaffolds were erosslinked by glutaraldehyde （ GA, 25 % solution in water by weight）, then the crosslinked gelatin macromolecules network could form to improve the mechanical properties of colloid gels. The average particle size and zeta potential of gdatin nanoparticles were measured by Nano- ZS instrument. The morphology and microstructures of scaffolds were characterized by macroscopic images. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were studied by a universal material testing machine.     

用于立体光造型法的光固化树脂的收缩性研究

设计了多种用于立体光造型（ＳＬ）法的光固化树脂配方，对影响其体收缩和线收缩的几种因素进行了研究。研究表明，各因素对光固化树脂体收缩和线收缩的影响并不致。体收缩主要与单位体积内官能团的数量有关，而线收缩不仅与单位体积内官能团的数量有关，而且与树脂中各成分的具体分子结构有关。     

混凝土早龄期抗裂性能测试方法评述

混凝土结构在早龄期往往由于干燥收缩、自身收缩、塑性收缩和温度收缩等因素产生体积变形,若同时受到约束就可能会发生开裂,因此有必要研究混凝土早龄期抗裂性能的测试和评价方法。随着绿色高性能混凝土材料的发展,早龄期混凝土抗裂性能的测试和评价方法仍需进一步研究。     

几何非线性平面梁考虑收缩徐变的算法研究

针对混凝土斜拉桥等大跨柔性混凝土结构同时存在的几何非线性与收缩徐变问题,基于微分法导出了随转坐标系下平面梁在大转动小应变时的几何非线性平衡方程,该方程已计入初应变效应.结合初应变法计算混凝土梁收缩徐变等效节点力有限元列式,利用节点力之间和节点位移之间全量及增量的关系,获得结构坐标系下平面梁单元几何非线性分析中考虑收缩徐变效应影响的实用算法,并给出了详细的计算步骤.对某大跨径混合梁斜拉桥混凝土桥塔进行了考虑混凝土徐变效应的几何非线性分析,计算结果表明本文提出的算法能较好解决上述问题,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

高强度矿渣胶凝材料改性的研究

研究矿渣的粉磨细度，激发剂的掺量，改性剂的种类与掺量对高强度矿渣胶凝材料的干燥收缩性能及其强度的影响。研究表明，掺加9－10％的Na2SiO2激发剂和10％左右的硅酸盐水泥，控制适当的粉磨细度，可以使高强度矿渣胶凝材料的干燥收缩率降低到与硅酸盐水泥相近的程度，并且强度提高，达到了综合改性的目的。其水化产物都是含有少量Na2O,MgO的铝硅酸钙凝胶。     

周期磁场中运动的电子与光辐射交换能量的机制

电子在右圆极化静磁场中作螺旋线运动。这种运动的电子与光辐射光波相互作用,有可能使电子获得能量,也有可能使电子失去能量。电子能量的得失可以由作用在电子上的力来计算。根据能量守恒,失去的能量由光波吸收,从而实现了激光放大。这就是自由电子激光中激光介质与光辐射能量交换的基本物理机制。     

颗粒成分对粘性土收缩性能的影响

本文将粘土失水引起土体体积变形转换为面积变形,提出利用计算机图像处理与像数计算技术,对不同初始含水率的粘土收缩后的面积进行精确计算。利用激光颗粒分析仪对不同膨胀性的粘性土进行颗粒分析,并将颗粒组成与收缩后面缩率进行对比。试验结果表明：自由膨胀率和面缩率的大小与土体的颗粒组成密切相关,随着土体自由膨胀率增加,土体细颗粒含量增加,面缩率增大,土体的收缩性能增强。     

Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling

Membrane curvature is no longer seen as a passive consequence of cellular activity but an active means to create membrane domains and to organize centres for membrane trafficking. Curvature can be dynamically modulated by changes in lipid composition, the oligomerization of curvature scaffolding proteins and the reversible insertion of protein regions that act like wedges in membranes. There is an interplay between curvature-generating and curvature-sensing proteins during vesicle budding. This is seen during vesicle budding and in the formation of microenvironments. On a larger scale, membrane curvature is a prime player in growth, division and movement.