Cause analysis of gully erosion in Yuanmou basin of Jinshajiang valley

Some factors （i.e. lithology, topography, climate, the change of population as well as land use during the past 50 years） that could have great influence on the development of gully in the arid-hot basin of Jinshajiang valley were investigated. The results show that the factors leading to the strong gully erosion in this area include： the widely distributed Yuanmou group stratum, which promotes the development of gully erosion; the unique geomorphologic configuration that is prone to rock fall and gully erosion; the strong and time-concentrated rainfall; the arid-humid alternate climate characteristics that prepares the ground for the development of fissures in soils; the arid-hot climate that goes against the growth and recovery of vegetation; and the unreasonable and abusive human activities.     

Grass litter decomposition rate and water-holding capacity in dry-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajing river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but didn’t have the direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in sequence of N. wightii (336%), P. notatum Flugge (248%), H. contortus (L.) Beauv (209%), B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus(206%), I. endecaphylla Jacq (174%), D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf (168%). After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in sequence as the following: 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus (L.) Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity of N. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil. Foundation item: Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)     

Selection of judging indicators for surface morphology of soil crack under different development degrees in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.     

Effects of Land Use Change on the Ecosystem Services Value in the Dry-Hot Valley

The objective of the study reported here was to determine whether LANDSAT TM images could be used to quantify changes in land-use and ecosystem services in Yuanmou County. The sizes of six land use/land cover （LUCC） categories were estimated in Yuanmou County according to the LANDSAT TM images in the summer of 1986 and 2005. Coefficients published by Xie Gaodi and co-workers in 2003 were used to value changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land use/land cover category, and the ecosystem services sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of manipulating these coefficients on the estimated values. The important results are summarized as followings. （1） The estimated size of cultivated land, pasture land, water area and unused land decreased by 6.39%, 1.35%, 2.25% and 10.67% respectively between 1986 and 2005. By contrast, the estimated size of forest land and construction land increased by about 2.23% and 71.15% respectively between 1986 and 2005. （2） The total ecosystem services value （EVS） of the study area increased from 2 142 132 609.46 yuan to 2 146 416 621.00 yuan, with the net increase of 4 284 011.54 yuan during the 20-year time period. （3） The coefficient sensitivity （CS） of the study are less than unity in all cases （CS 〈 1）. This indicates that the total ecosystem values estimated for the study area are relatively inelastic with respect to the ecosystem service coefficients. While this implies that our estimates are robust and the coefficient is reasonable, highly under or over valued coefficients can substantially affect the veracity of estimated changes in ecosystem service values overtime even when the CS are less than unity（CS 〈 1）.     

A new Euprox from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou,Yunnan Province,China,with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

The Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan Province is a hotspot for the research of early homind evolution and its environmental background.During the implementation of the Program“Research of the Origin and Evolution of Early Man and Its Environmental Baqckground” from 1998 to 2001,a huge quantity of hominoid and mammal fossils were collected.The present report systematically describes an Euprox robustus sp.nov.identified during the recent laboratory work on the collected material.Euprox is a group of earliest cervids with true antlers.The new species is the third one of the genus discovered in China.Judged by its morphologic characteristics,the new species feed on juicy and tender leaves of dicotyledon.It implies that the vegetation of its epoch in the Yuanmou Basin is a kind of southern subtropical evergreen forest and the climate is humid and temperate with evident seasonality.The latter is mostly influenced by the monsoon and secondly by the latitude.     

不同海拔对干热河谷地区土壤酶活性的影响

本文以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择不同海拔下的土壤为研究对象,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究不同海拔下的土壤酶活性的变异特征.结果表明,在干热河谷地区,海拔对土壤酶活性影响显著.随着海拔的升高,土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶活性、综合酶指数总体呈线性关系,其中在海拔705—920m无显著变化或者呈上升趋势,随后显著升高,在1005—1235m基本达到最大值,其后有所降低或趋于稳定.1005—1400m之间可以作为受干热风影响的过渡区.除过氧化氢酶外,其它酶活性具有明显的干湿季变化,且变化规律相似,干季土壤酶活性显著低于湿季.土壤酶活性与养分属性具有较强的相关性,可以作为评价土壤肥力的指标.土壤酶指数与酶活性和养分因子之间具有较强的相关性,能够客观、全面地反映土壤酶活性的变化规律.在金沙江干热河谷区,从生态恢复角度出发,应该尽可能地减少干热风和水分对土壤和植被的胁迫作用,促进该区域生态的可持续性发展.     

Impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin

The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin.     

干热河谷地区不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量及其活性分异特征

以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择相同海拔下的合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地、水桐树林、天然草地以及花椒地等7种土地利用方式为研究对象,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究干湿交替下的土壤微生物量及其活性变异特征.结果表明,天然水桐树林破坏改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤微生物量和呼吸强度变化显著,其中微生物量总体呈下降趋势,天然草地和合欢林地降幅较小,玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地和花椒地降幅较大;土壤基础呼吸强度除天然草地外均显著降低,降幅从小到大依次为合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地和花椒地;诱导呼吸强度变化规律与基础呼吸总体相似,但合欢林地要高于天然草地;湿季下的微生物量和呼吸强度要高于干季.代谢熵(qCO2)变化规律不同,天然草地显著升高,合欢林地、玉米地、桑地和天然水桐树林无显著差异,甘蔗地、花椒地则显著低于水桐树林,不同土地利用方式下的qCO2对干湿季的响应不同.不同土地利用方式由于特殊的耕作环境、物种构成等因素导致了土壤微生物量的差异性,为了实现干热河谷地带土壤生态系统的健康发展,从土壤生物学角度出发,应尽可能减少人为活动对土地的干扰程度以提高土壤质量.     

陕北多沙区乡村聚落水蚀泥沙粒度分布研究

目的分析研究陕北多沙区乡村聚落水蚀泥沙分布规律,探讨乡村聚落的土壤侵蚀问题,为加强该区的水土流失治理提供理论依据。方法建立乡村聚落径流、泥沙观测小区,根据观测的降雨径流泥沙数据资料,在粒度分析实验室用英国生产的Mastersizer-S型粒度仪测定样品粒度,对侵蚀泥沙样品进行粒度分析。结果陕北乡村聚落侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布呈"M"型,有2个明显的波峰,分别是10~50μm的粗粉沙和1~5μm的粘粒,其中粗粉沙的含量最多,达到了40%左右,粘粒的含量次之,达到了20%左右,二者的含量总共达到了60%以上;但是,通过对庭院、户间道路和户间空地的侵蚀泥沙在相同降雨条件下进行分析发现,侵蚀泥沙粒度在共性之中却有一定的差异性:在相同的降雨强度下,侵蚀泥沙粒径中<5μm细颗粒的含量以户间道路最少,庭院和户间空地次之,而>50μm颗粒的含量却以户间道路为最多,庭院和户间空地次之。结论陕北多沙区侵蚀泥沙中主要是粗粉沙和粘粒物质;户间道路径流挟沙能力最大,侵蚀强度也最大,可携带走较多的粗颗粒泥沙,和较少的细颗粒泥沙;而庭院和户间空地径流挟沙能力最小,携带走的是大量的细颗粒泥沙,粗颗粒泥沙较少。这说明在加强治理黄土高原乡村聚落中土壤侵蚀的同时,聚落中户间道路的土壤侵蚀问题应不可忽视。     

攀枝花地区水土流失动态变化研究

选择攀枝花市部分地区的Landsat-5 TM(1988年)和Landsat-7 ETM (1999年)遥感数据,通过遥感图像信息挖掘,提取植被覆盖度、沟谷分布、土地利用现状及土壤成土母质等信息,结合地形数据等水土流失因子;利用地理信息系统强大的空间分析功能,获取水土流失信息进行统计分析,对研究区水土流失的强度等级以及动态变化进行分析评价.研究表明,水土流失变化主要发生于植被覆盖不良的荒地和坡耕地上,其中坡耕地水土流失变得最严重,大部分为强度及强度以上级别水土流失区.从地貌上看,水土流失变化主要发生在低山、丘陵地区,这些地区人类活动频繁,植被破坏严重,大量开垦耕地,有利于水土流失发生.从岩类上看,半胶结砂岩、粘土岩岩组和紫红色泥岩、砂岩、页岩岩组分布区,由于多开垦为耕地,抗蚀能力弱,且多未实施保水保土措施,因此是水土流失严重的地区.     

贵州花江喀斯特峡谷水土流失及治理效果

采用室内计算机遥感解译方法,结合对贵州花江喀斯特峡谷实施的多项综合治理措施进行大量野外实验,对喀斯特峡谷区的水土流失积累了大量的资料,并建立了示范区水土流失数据库,为今后的治理工作奠定了坚实的基础。在长期的工作过程中,我们从中得到了几点收获:(1)初步改变了以耕地为主的土地利用方式。(2)喀斯特地区所表现出来特殊的土壤侵蚀规律:从基岩类型上来说,砂岩和泥岩>石灰石;从土地利用类型来说,耕地>其他用地,其中裸地>稀疏植被覆盖区>浓密草被覆盖;从地貌形态来说,沟蚀为主的区域>面蚀为主的区域;从坡度来说,3°以上>3°及3°以下;(3)从石漠化等级角度来讲,轻度和中度石漠化地区的是控制该区土壤侵蚀的重点地区。(4)另外,在野外监测方法上还有待于寻求更为恰当的修正值。     

基于GIS与USLE的榆中县土壤侵蚀

在GIS与RS技术支持下应用USLE模型对位于黄土高原西部的榆中县进行土壤侵蚀强度的定量估算,探讨区域土壤侵蚀的空间变异性以及与坡度梯度和土地利用方式之间的关系.得出榆中县的年均侵蚀总量为813137t,年均侵蚀模数为247t/km~2,并且土壤侵蚀的空间变异性明显,年均侵蚀模数与年均侵蚀总量随坡度梯度的增加都呈指数增加.在分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀状况后发现,低覆盖度草地才是区域最主要的侵蚀地带.     

Rock magnetic studies on the hominoid-bearing sediments at Zhupeng, Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China and its paleoclimatic significance

It has been proposed that paleoclimatic changes and tectonic events strongly affect hominoid evolution. The Zhupeng section at Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China, with the hominoid-bearing fluvial-lacustrine sediments, is an ideal natural laboratory to test this hypothesis. This study provided an integrated magnetic study, including low-frequency susceptibility, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, temperature-dependent susceptibility, hysteresis loops, isothermal remanent magnetization, and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, on samples from the Baozidongqing section at Zhupeng. Results show that the dominant mag- netic carrier is hematite, with minor amount of magnetite. Both the composition and concentration of magnetic miner- als strongly correlate with the lithostratigraphy. At least eight short-term events defined by higher concentrations of magnetite were identified. These short events reflect that the subtropical dry-hot climate is similar to today＇s climate. Basing on the lithostratigraphic and rock magnetic results, we suggest that Yuanmou Basin was in a steady deposition environment from about 11 to 7 Ma, which is characterized by alternating of long-term torrid-humid climate and short-term dry-hot climate. Our study provides invaluable environment information for understanding the climate shift and the relationship between paleoenvironment and hominoid evolution in southwestern China during late Miocene.     

Classification and Assessment of Freeze-Thaw Erosion in Tibet, China

Based on the analysis of existing relevant research result, a theoretical basis for the defining freeze-thawerosion zones of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was been put forward, and a equation for calculating the altitude of the lower bound of the freeze-thaw erosion zones of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was been established in this paper. Moreover, the freeze-thaw erosion zones in Tibet was been identified by using Geographical Information System (GIS) software. Next, based on thecomprehensive analysis of impact factors of freeze-thaw erosion, this paper chooses annul temperature range, slop and vegetation as three indexes, works out the criteria for relative classification of freeze-thaw erosion, and realizes the relative classification of the freeze-thaw erosion in Tibet under the support of GIS software. Then, a synthetic assessment of freeze-thaw erosion in Tibet was been done according to the relative classification result.     

Observation and Research on Gravitational Erosion Process of Bank Slopes in Headstream Area of Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

To reveal the gravitational erosion process in the headstream area of Jiangjia Ravine, continuous observation was conducted duing the rainy season. The observation and research show that the change of water content of the bank slope lags the precipitation process, the infiltration water con centrates mainly in the shallow layer of the bank slope, also the bank slope was unsaturated, the floods and debris flows in the gully down cut the gully bed, and scour the foot of the bank slope. These results in many collapses, which is the main type of gravitational erosion process, and it provides large amounts of loose solid materials for the eruption of debris flows.     

云南省罗平县三条喀斯特河谷苔藓植物生态特征研究

以云南省罗平县境内的多依河(含三江口)、九龙瀑布群、转长河三条典型的亚热带喀斯特河流作为研究区,探讨研究区内苔藓植物的种类、群落、生态及环境适应等。研究结果表明,该研究区共有苔藓植物45科110属281种(包括变种和亚种),其中角苔类有1科1属1种,苔类有13科21属38种,藓类有31科88属242种。苔藓植物的生活型以丛集型和交织型为主,共占了总种数的87.7%,与此地区多钙华、气候温热、环境潮湿的亚热带河谷的自然概况相协调。由于该研究区域气候温湿,河谷两岸偶有喀斯特石漠化现象,因此苔藓群落以水生群落和石生群落为主。区内钙华生苔藓植物共有17科(占总科数的37.8%)41属(占总属数的37.3%)77种(占总种数的27.4%),种类十分丰富,但在科、属或种的水平上均无十分明显的区域特异性。     

137Cs应用于我国土壤侵蚀研究评述

^137Cs示踪法技术目前已被广泛应用于长期的土壤侵蚀估算中，但主要局限于水蚀研究领域，在风蚀方面进行的研究则较少。土壤风蚀是导致干旱半干旱地区土地退化和区域环境恶化的最重要原因之一。探讨、研究格进一步完善^137Cs技术在土壤侵蚀方面的研究，尤其是在我国西部风蚀地区土壤侵蚀中的应用，可以提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积的数据以及空间分布，对初步测算区域风蚀速率、风蚀时间序列和反映环境变化，为我国西部地区土地资源合理利用、环境整治以及生态建设提供定量的科学依据具有十分重要的意义。初步论述了^137Cs技术在我国土壤侵蚀研究中的进展，探讨了其在西部风蚀地区土壤风蚀研究现状、应用前景和需要注意的问题，并提出了一些建议。     

福建省土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据通用土壤流失方程的基本原理,结合福建省的自然环境特征,选择降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度、土壤质地、植被类型4个自然因子作为评价指标,在G IS软件支持下对福建省土壤侵蚀敏感性进行评价,评价结果综合反映了福建省土壤侵蚀敏感性的分布规律,为土壤侵蚀防治、生态环境保护与建设以及土地资源合理开发利用提供依据.     

山西省水土流失现状及对策分析

文章从当前山西省水土流失的现状入手,分析了水土流失的原因,列举了水土流失造成的危害,并根据工作实际提出了相应的对策和措施。     

西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤土壤侵蚀实验研究

为探讨高速公路施工期路堤边坡水土流失规律,对西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤边坡进行了天然降雨条件下水土流失观测试验,结果表明,路堤边坡的主要侵蚀形式是沟蚀,主要侵蚀因子是次降雨量、路堤顶面宽度及土壤可蚀性,土壤侵蚀量与次半宽雨量之间存在着良好的相关关系,其相关系数为0.9985～0.9989.提出了预测西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤边坡土壤侵蚀量的土壤侵蚀模型.