舟山附近海域3个大黄鱼养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用8个微卫星多态标记分析舟山附近海域3个大黄鱼养殖群体共90个体的遗传多样性。结果显示,8个微卫星位点共检测到等位基因64个,各位点等位基因数(A)范围为5~10个,观测杂合度(Ho)的平均值为0.9111,期望杂合度(He)的平均值为0.8108,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.7800,表明所选择的8个微卫星位点均表现出较高的多态性。群体的遗传多样性分析结果显示,3个群体的平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度分别为0.891 7、0.900 0、0.941 7和0.738 4、0.743 2、0.821 3,Shannon多样性指数分别为1.467 0、1.449 0、1.800 9,表明3个群体的遗传多样性处于较高水平。HardyWeinberg平衡检验发现只有LYC0015和LYC0009位点处于平衡状态(PHW0.05),其余6个位点都不同程度地偏离了平衡。3个群体的聚类分析表明,岱山和朱家尖西岙网箱2个养殖群体亲缘关系较近,而与舟山市水产所耐低温F2代群体亲缘关系较远。     

野生与养殖Mian状黄姑鱼群体遗传多样性的同工酶比较

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）技术对取自厦门火烧屿养殖网箱的Mian状黄姑鱼（Nibea miichthioides）人工苗养殖群体和取自广东平的野生群的遗传多样性进行比较研究。结果表明,在所检测的14种同工酶的22个基因座位中,野生群体在SUDH和ODH基因座位上发现多态性,而养殖群体则只在SUDH上具有多态位点,野生群体和养殖群体的平均多态位点比例分别为9．09％和4．55％,基因座位有效基因的平均数Ne分别为1．14和1．05,平均杂合度的观测值H炎0．012和0．003,预期值He为0．0111和0．0029,Hardy-Weingerg遗传偏离指数（D）分别为0．091和0．034,两群体间的遗传距离d为0．00016,与其他鱼类相比较说明了不论是野生还是养殖群体的Mian状黄姑鱼遗传多样性均处于较低水平,养殖群体的遗传多样性水平比野生群体更低,主要是小群体亲鱼人工繁育过程中产生的“瓶颈”效应所导致的。     

基于SSR标记的麻栎天然群体遗传多样性分析

【目的】基于SSR分子标记对麻栎天然群体遗传多样性与遗传结构进行分析,为麻栎种质资源的保护和利用提供理论基础。【方法】以分布于我国7个省8个麻栎天然群体的150个个体为研究对象,利用筛选出的18对SSR引物,使用GenAIEx 6.51、MEGA 7.0.26和Structure 2.3.4等软件,采用AMOVA分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和Structure分析等方法,对麻栎群体及相应个体的遗传多样性、分子方差、遗传距离及遗传结构进行研究。【结果】18个SSR位点的等位基因数(N_a)平均为5.625个,有效等位基因数(N_e)平均为4.104个,Shannon指数(I)平均为1.338,观测杂合度(H_o)平均为0.895,期望杂合度(H_e)平均为0.645,筛选出的18对麻栎SSR引物具有丰富的多态性。8个麻栎群体的遗传距离为0.222~1.587,遗传一致度为0.205~0.801,遗传分化系数(F_st)平均为0.252,基因流(N_m)平均为1.140,固定指数(F)均为负值且平均为-0.441。麻栎群体的遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化小,且群体间存在杂合子剩余;其98%的变异来自群体内, 2%的变异来自群体间。UPGMA聚类分析、Structure分析均将8个群体分为2组,二者的个体组成成分存在一定差异;主成分分析结果与上述基本一致,存在一定的交叉引种及基因渐渗现象。【结论】麻栎群体遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化水平较低,遗传差异主要存在于群体内部,并呈现出沿“西南—东北”方向地理变异规律。因此,对麻栎天然群体的保护应该采取原地保护和异地繁育保存相结合的措施。     

飞蝗五个自然种群的遗传分化研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术检测飞蝗Locusta migratoria（Linnaeus）2个亚种5个种群的遗传多样性，11个随机引物扩增共产生了163条带，其中多态性片段为156条．Shannon信息指数和Nei’S指数对RAPD数据的分析表明：东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）不同种群存在较高的遗传多样性；同时，东亚飞蝗种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化，遗传分化系数分别为36．09％和33．85％．用UPGMA对Nei’S遗传距离作聚类分析，结果表明：东亚飞蝗不同种群的亲缘关系较近，而它们与亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria（Linnaeus）关系较远．由Nei’S遗传一致度和遗传距离可以看出，东亚飞蝗不同种群间的遗传距离均小于东亚飞蝗与亚洲飞蝗之间的遗传距离．由Mantel软件检验得出地理距离和遗传距离的相关性系数r〈0．7，表明这5个种群亲缘关系的远近与地理距离无相关性．同时，还结合等位酶种群遗传结构研究结果综合分析了上述东亚飞蝗4种群的遗传多样性及其分化，表明RAPD可检测出更高水平的遗传多样性．     

山东日照和福建厦门沿海花鲈同工酶的遗传变异分析

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，对分别来自山东日照和福建厦门两自然群体的沿海花鲈，分析了酶表达活性强的肝脏、肌肉两组织中LDH、MDH、ME、α—GPDH、ADH、SDH、SOD、G—6PDH、EST、GDH等10种同工酶，检出19个基因座位。数据处理结果：花鲈两群体的遗传相似度和遗传距离分别为0．9902和0．0098，平均杂合度分别为0．1112及0．0939。Me—1、G—6—pdh—2、Est—1、Est—5的4个基因座位具有多态性，多态座位比例均为21．1％，座位平均有效基因数均为1．2630由此可表明日照花鲈群体的遗传多样性水平比厦门花鲈群体高。     

用微卫星技术研究珠江流域三个野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性

采用微卫星标记技术,探讨了广西右江、左江及红水河三江段野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性。采用生物信息学方法,自主开发了4对大眼鳜微卫星DNA引物,此外,还从28对鳜属微卫星通用引物中筛选出15对,19对标记均表现为高度多态性。对32尾右江(YJ)、35尾左江(ZJ)及36尾红水河(HSH)三地理群体野生大眼鳜进行遗传多样性分析,总群体的固定指数Fix范围为0.001 4~1.000,表明19个位点在总群体内表现为杂合子缺失,其对环境的应对能力有所下降。遗传参数统计结果表明,总群体观测等位基因数(Na=19.4737)、香农指数(I=2.399 8)、平均杂合度(Ave Het=0.720 6)、多态信息含量(0.447PIC0.947)均显示:在哈温平衡下,大眼鳜3群体遗传多样性丰富;但3群体遗传多样性存在差异,红水河群体的遗传多样性比左江群体、右江群体的遗传多样性丰富,左江和右江群体的遗传多样性水平较为接近。群体间遗传分化水平较大(0.15群体间近交系数Fst=0.153 90.25),15.39%的遗传变异来自于群体间,84.61%的遗传变异来自于群体内,群体内近交系数Fis为0.576 1,各座位的基因流Nm分布范围较广(0.147 4~8.909 1),平均Nm值为1.374 5,表明3群体间属于中等遗传分化水平,基因流基本顺畅,群体内的近交系数较高,容易引起遗传结构的变化。基于Nei's遗传距离的聚类分析显示左江群体与右江群体首先聚为一支,再与红水河聚为一支,符合其在地理位置上的关系。     

尼罗罗非鱼RAPD标记及其遗传多样性分析

采用 4 18个引物对尼罗罗非鱼进行了RAPD分析 ,筛选出 4 6个重复性好、可用于尼罗罗非鱼RAPD标记的引物 .另用 12个引物对尼罗罗非鱼群体 (2 3尾 )进行了遗传多样性分析 :共检出 5 8个位点 ,其中 18个位点表现出多态性 ,多态位点比例达 31.0 3% ,其群体的Nei&Li氏遗传相似率为 90 .2 3% ,申农信息指数为0 .10 0 5bit.上述三项指标表明 ,该尼罗罗非鱼群体保持着较高水平的遗传变异 .     

南京椴群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

【目的】 南京椴(Tilia miqueliana)为江苏省重要的乡土树种,野外资源稀缺。南京椴野外群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的探索,可为资源保护、品种选育及遗传改良提供依据。【方法】 以南京椴5个天然群体[江苏宝华山(P1)、牛首山(P2)、安徽皇藏峪(P3)、安徽蜀山(P4)和浙江天台山(P5)]93个体为实验材料,选用15对多态性EST-SSR引物,进行遗传多样性及群体遗传结构分析。【结果】 ①用15对引物共检测等位基因数(A)总和为96,平均值为6.4,四倍体基因型(G)和四倍体特异基因型(G_i)总和分别为441和251,特异基因型比率(R₁)和种质鉴别率(R₂)均值分别为45.73%和17.99%。②在5个群体中,每个位点等位基因数(A_loc)和四倍体基因型丰富度均值(G_loc)分别为5.50±2.43和9.41±4.29;平均观测杂合度(H_o)和平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.61±1.43和0.62±0.14。参考各群体G_loc和H_e值,确定遗传多样性较高的群体为P1和P3。③群体间遗传分化较小,遗传分化系数(G_st)仅为0.030;AMOVA分子变异分析显示,群体多样性水平变异来自于群体内(96%)。④聚类和遗传结构Structure分析显示,5个群体可划分为2组(组1包括P1、P2和P5;组2包括P3和P4)。Mental检验结果表明遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关。【结论】 南京椴群体均具有丰富的遗传多样性,其中宝华山群体和皇藏峪群体多样性较高,群体扩张可能是以这两个种群为中心,经人类活动迁移至其他区域。但南京椴群体间未形成明显分化,主要是由于植株寿命长,群体缺乏自然更新,加之群体间存在人为种子传播。因此,本研究提出通过建立隔离区,明确优先保护群体、加大植株异交,并采用人工繁育及种质回迁的方式保护南京椴野外群体。     

思茅松种子园遗传结构及遗传多样性

采用等位酶分析的方法对思茅松种子园内收集的4个思茅松群体进行遗传分析,以此阐述了思茅松种子园的遗传结构和遗传多样性状况。9种酶16个酶位点的遗传分析结果：思茅松种子园的多态位点比例（P）为73.5%;平均每个位点的等位基因数（A）为2.42;平均每个位点的等位基因有效数（Ne）为1.54;期望杂合度（He）为0.295;实际杂合度（H0）为0.181。结果表明思茅松种子园具有较广泛的遗传基因和遗传多样性;思茅松种子园的建立是思茅松遗传改良的有效途径之一。     

濒危植物华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica)的遗传多样性及其保护

筛选的12条ISSR引物，对采集于陕西华山3个自然居群、20个亚居群的150个华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng ex Guo)个体的遗传多样性进行了分析．发现华山新麦草样本ISSR产物的多态位点比率(P)为96．8％；每个位点的平均有效等位基因数(Ae)为1．411；居群的预期杂合度(He)为0．251，大于一般风媒异交植物的平均值0．148；居群的香农多样性指数(I)为0．391；这些结果表明华山新麦草在居群水平上有相对较高的遗传多样性．亚居群间的基因分化系数(GST)为0．304，表明大部分(约为70％)的遗传变异均存在于亚居群内．同时亚居群间具有一定频率的基因流，其遗传相似性也较高，变化范围为0．796～0．974(平均为0．903)．根据上述结果推断，华山新麦草的濒危不是因为遗传多样性稀有，而是由于它对特殊生态环境的要求影响了它的扩散而仅分布于华山这一狭小范围．因此，只要能够保证目前华山的生态环境不被进一步破坏，华山新麦草就能得到很好的保护而不会因种内遗传多样性降低而灭绝．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.