复合催化剂Hβ沸石／TiO2催化合成乙酸辛酯

采用复合催化剂Hβ沸石／TiO2合成了乙酸辛酯。确定反应的最佳条件为：酸醇物质的量比1：1．1、催化剂用量3．0g／mol乙酸、催化剂中TiO2的质量百分比10％、环己烷用量20mL／mol乙酸、反应时间3．5h。与其它单一固体酸催化剂比较，复合催化剂的催化性能更优越，乙酸的转化率更高。     

阳离子交换树脂催化乙酸正丁酯的合成研究

对用阳离子交换树脂作为催化剂制各乙酸正丁酯进行了探索性研究，探讨了催化剂的处理方式，以及催化剂的用量、酸醇比、反应时间对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，催化剂用量为醋酸的40％，酸醇摩尔比为1：1．1，反应时间为1．5h，酸的转化率达89％，产品符合国家标准要求，并且催化剂可重复使用，对环境无污染。     

Fe2(SO4)3/K2S2O8催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

以Fe2(SO4)3和K2S2O8为复配催化剂，对乳酸和正丁醇为原料合成乳酸正丁酯的反应进行了研究，探讨了催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间等对酯化反应的影响．结果表明：酸醇物质的量之比1：3，催化剂1．6g，带水剂苯5．0ml，反应时间2．0h，减压蒸馏，收集80～82℃／1．8KPa的馏份，酯化产率达93．2％。     

硫酸-石墨层间化合物催化合成丙酸戊酯的研究

研究了硫酸－石墨层间化合物催化丙酸与戊醇的酯化反应，探讨了催化剂用量、反应时间及醇、酸摩尔比对酯产率的影响。当醇、酸摩尔比为0．1：0．2，催化剂量为醇酸总质量的3．7％，反应时间为40min时，酯产率可高达95．6％以上。     

丙烯海松酸环氧酯的合成及酯化动力学研究

利用不同的季铵盐催化剂体系合成了丙烯海松酸环氧酯，考察了不同体系的催化剂活性。结果表明：四正丁基溴化铵的催化活性最高，产率达95．6％。最佳反应条件为：反应时间4.Oh，反应温度100℃，丙烯海松酸与环氧树酯的摩尔比为2．O：1．O，催化剂用量为总投料的1％，最后通过酸值和环氧值的测定，确定反应动力学为SN2历程。     

十二烷基硫酸钠催化合成氯乙酸异丙酯

研究了十二烷基硫酸钠催化氯乙酸与异丙醇酯化反应中各种因素对酯化率的影响．在醇酸摩尔比1．2／l、催化剂用量1．0％(以酸的摩尔数计量)、反应时间2．5h、反应温度为回流温度以及5mL苯作为带水剂的反应条件下，酯化率可达97．2％．与其他酯化催化剂相比较，十二烷基硫酸钠的催化活性与硫酸氢钠、对甲苯磺酸等Bronsted酸相当，比大多数Lewis酸的催化活性高．由FTIR方法推测出十二烷基硫酸钠水解生成的硫酸氢钠在催化过程中起到了关键性作用．     

S2O8^2-／TiO2-SiO2催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以固体超强酸S2O8^2-／TiO2-SiO2为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度及催化剂重复使用对酯化反应的影响。结果表明酯化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇摩尔比为1：5．4，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0．94％，反应时间为6小时，反应温度为130℃，此条件下酯化率可达93．4％。该催化剂具有制备简便，与产品分离容易，不易腐蚀设备，重复使用后仍保留良好的活性等优点。     

TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化合成葡萄糖五丙酸酯

报道了新型催化剂TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化酯化合成葡萄糖五丙酸酯的糖酸比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度诸因素对产率的影响。实验表明：TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成葡萄糖五丙酸脂的良好催化剂。最佳反应条件为：糖酸摩尔比1：6．催化剂的用量为反应液的2．0％．酯化反应时间为2.0h,反应温度95℃～105℃．反应产率可达84．5％。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

采用高压微波辐射技术，以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，通过甲醇和肉桂酸反应合成肉桂酸甲酯。实验结果表明，TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成肉桂酸甲酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)=5：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2．0％，微波功率729W，辐射时间3min．产品平均收率97．4％。     

多聚磷酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以多聚磷酸代替浓硫酸作催化剂，对乙酸异戊酯合成进行了系统研究。以冰醋酸和异戊醇为原料合成乙酸戊酯。冰醋酸0．1mol、酸醇物质的量以1：1．2、催化剂量4ml、反应时间90min反应最佳，环己烷为带水剂，酯化产章为82．44％，样品用红外光谱表征．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with