煤焦加压Boudouard反应动力学

将3种不同变质程度煤于1173K下制成煤焦,在PBBR装置上于1073～1223K温度和0.29～2.47MPa下进行煤焦Boudouard反应试验。提高反应温度和压力均能使煤焦的基碳转化率和平均比气化速率增大,且显示温度的影响大于压力。随着原煤变质程度加深,其煤焦的气化活性减小。未反应芯表面反应模型能较好描述此气化过程,并可计算出反应动力学参数。活化能,频率因子和反应级数。用Na_2CO_3和K_2CO_3作催化剂能明显加速官地煤焦与CO_2气化反应速率,并显著降低其反应活化能,且K_2CO_3的催化效果大于Na_2CO_3。     

加氢热解煤焦的二氧化碳和水蒸气气化特性

采用热重分析仪研究了云南玉溪煤和新疆准东煤的加氢热解煤焦二氧化碳气化反应性,考察了成焦压力、停留时间及气氛对煤焦气化反应性的影响,并利用均相模型计算了各煤焦的非等温气化动力学参数。采用实验室固定床反应器,研究了上述两种煤加氢热解煤焦的水蒸气气化特性,考察了成焦气氛对煤焦气化速率和气体产物组成的影响。热重气化实验表明,准东煤焦的气化反应性明显好于玉溪煤焦,前者的反应活化能远小于后者的反应活化能;无论哪种煤,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性随加氢过程碳转化率的增大呈下降趋势;在相近的碳转化率下,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性明显好于氮气气氛热解所得煤焦。在水蒸气气化的情况下,准东煤焦的气化反应性同样好于玉溪煤焦。总体上准东加氢热解煤焦的产氢率相比氮气气氛热解所得煤焦有所增加,不过对于这两种煤焦,随着气化温度提高,H2与CO的物质的量之比均逐渐接近于热力学平衡所得的计算值。     

五台型煤焦CO2催化气化的补偿效应

五台型煤焦用Ｎａ２ＣＯ３、Ｋ２ＣＯ３作催化剂在０．２ＭＰａ和１１２３～１２３３Ｋ温度下进行ＣＯ２气化试验，发现上述两催化剂量分别在９～２５Ｗｔ％、５～２０Ｗｔ％范围内均能明显提高气化速率，且Ｋ２ＣＯ３的催化活性高于Ｎａ２ＣＯ３。催化剂用量对动力学参数的影响说明，该催化气化反应体系存在补偿效应，其等动力学温度分别为１５６２Ｋ（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３）和１７３９Ｋ（Ｋ２ＣＯ３）．     

煤和煤焦在压力下加氢气化的动力学研究——Ⅰ.温度的影响

在固定床加压反应器和加压热天平上,对五种中国气化用煤及其煤焦进行了加氢气化的动力学研究。发现在升温过程中各类产品气体的生成速率都随温度而变化,甲烷和乙烷的生成速率在600℃左右可达到最大值。沈北、蔚县煤焦在850～1000℃,2.1 MPa下加氢反应的表观活化能分别为108和95kJ/mol。随着煤焦制备温度的提高,煤焦加氢反应的平均比气化速率和最终转化率都下降。     

不同煤阶煤热解气化特性及机理研究

为探究煤阶形态差异对煤质分级利用的影响,采用热重-质谱联用仪对京隆褐煤、准东煤和阳泉无烟煤进行热解和气化实验,并采用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱仪探究煤焦微观形貌变化.研究结果表明,煤热解可分为3个阶段:水分析出和吸附气体释放、大量挥发分析出、二次脱气;随着煤化程度的升高,热解过程逸出H2、CH4等气体的释放峰向高温处移动,且热稳定性阳泉无烟煤＞准东煤＞京隆褐煤.对煤焦的气化活性评价表明,气化活性随反应温度的增大而升高;且随着煤化程度的增加,煤焦表面杂乱程度降低以及不定型结构和含氧宫能团数量减少,这些表面微观结构的变化导致了高阶焦炭反应活性的降低.此外,本文还探索了煤热解和气化反应机理.     

煤焦气化反应对煤炭地下气化的影响性研究

在煤炭地下气化过程中,煤焦气化反应直接影响着地下煤气的组成和质量,通过对地下气化典型煤样大雁褐煤、协庄烟煤、昔阳无烟煤在热天平装置上进行不同热解终温、不同热解气氛的煤焦气化反应实验,利用热失重分析法研究了不同煤焦的气化反应特性。通过实验表明：不同煤质、不同煤焦制备温度、不同反应气氛对煤焦气化反应活性有着重要的影响。     

用热重法研究大同煤焦的CO_2加压气化动力学

用快速升温和在高温高压下用热重分析装置和 ST-03表面孔径测定仪在1203～1423K 的温度和0.1～0.3MPa 的压力范围内研究大同煤焦的 CO_2气化反应动力学和其孔结构在反应中的变化。结果表明,Arrhenius 关系可以描述不同压力下气化反应速率随温度的变化;在实验的压力范围内,反应速率随压力的变化低压时变化明显;气化过程中煤焦的微孔表面积与转化率的关系出现一极大值.经理论分析和实验证实建立了包括煤焦孔结构参数的动力学方程。     

混合神经网络模型用于煤焦气化过程的模拟

以煤焦气化反应模型为基础,结合BP神经网络参数估计器,建立了用于模拟煤焦气化过程的混合神经网络模型。结果表明该混合神经网络模型能很好地描述煤焦的气化过程,可以得到在实验过程中无法测得的2个参数,即:在煤焦中具有活性的碳与总碳的比值A和具有活性碳的单位质量反应速率Rr。     

加压热解煤焦的气化反应动力学研究

利用常压和加压热重的方法研究了我国典型煤种加压热解焦的CO_2气化反应特性和反应动力学,并引入分数维收缩核模型探讨反应级数与煤焦的表面结构特性的关系.实验结果表明:不同煤焦的CO_2气化反应速率的大小关系为小龙潭褐煤>神府烟煤坪寨无烟煤>合山贫煤.与常压热解煤焦的气化反应对比发现:加压热解降低了煤焦的反应性(高灰分的合山贫煤除外),加压热解煤焦的气化反应速率的峰位提前,同时起始气化反应速率减小.煤焦CO_2气化反应级数、速率常数与煤焦的表面结构特性及灰分密切相关.理论分析和实验均证明:煤焦比表面积越大,对应的CO_2气化反应级数也越大.     

煤焦-CO_2高温气化反应特性的实验研究

利用STA409PC综合热分析仪以等温法研究煤焦-CO2高温气化反应,考察了煤种、气化温度及气流速度对煤焦气化反应的影响,并对其动力学参数进行了求算.实验结果表明:当气化温度低于煤焦灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率峰值随气化温度的升高而增大,当气化温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率变化十分缓慢,甚至有下降的趋势;不同煤种的气化反应动力学参数有很大的差异,鞍钢煤焦和本钢煤焦的活化能均为140kJ/mol,阜新煤焦的活化能为70kJ/mol.当煤焦的气化反应温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,扩散成为煤焦气化反应的主要限制环节,提高气流速度有利于煤焦气化反应的进行.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that