机载与星载雷达的电波传播大气折射修正

讨论了球面分层（水平均匀）大气层（含低层大气与电离层）机载与星载雷达的电波传播大气折射修正.首先利用射线最低点附近的折射指数剖面作为球面分层大气的折射指数剖面求得雷达的临界视在俯角与射线近地点,并给出了考虑折射的雷达视线距离严格表达式.其次判断待修正的大气折射属于何种情况,并利用射线描迹法对所有12种大气折射情况进行了定位修正.最后进行了测速修正.     

环境一号B星热红外波段单通道算法温度反演

文中在考虑环境一号B星(HJ-1B)热红外波段(infrared scanner,IRS4)光谱响应函数和有效波长的基础上,通过MODTRAN4模型模拟,对Jimenez-Munoz和Sobrino(JM&S)单通道算法中的大气函数进行改进,重新计算得到了适合HJ-1B星IRS4地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)反演的3个大气函数公式,并反演了福州地区的地表温度.采用基于星上辐亮度法对反演的地表温度进行精度评价,并将反演的地表温度与JM&S算法、段四波等修正的JM&S算法反演的地表温度进行对比分析.结果表明:使用文中改进后的大气参数对HJ-1B星IRS4进行地表温度反演,可取得较好结果.     

基于混合像元分解的遥感图像融合实用算法

传统的图像融合算法,如IHS变换、合成变量比、主成分替换等方法所得到的融合图像通常存在不同程度的光谱扭曲现象.一种基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法(FSMA)可以很好地保持图像的光谱信息,但该算法仅在以终端端元为先验知识的模拟数据中得到了成功的应用.分析表明,由于全色波段与多光谱波段光谱响应函数不同以及多光谱波段通常不能覆盖整个全色范围,原有的FSMA算法并不能直接应用到真实遥感数据中.文中提出了一种改进的基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法(IFSMA).该算法通过重构原有算法中优化问题的目标函数,降低了对利用多光谱数据模拟全色波段亮度值的难度,使得基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法可以推广应用到真实遥感数据中.实验结果表明,IFSMA算法在光谱信息和空间信息的保持方面均优于IHS变换、合成变量比、主成分替换以及原有的FSMA等算法.     

CBERS-02卫星图像薄云的去除方法研究

中巴地球资源卫星结束了我国依靠外国卫星提供图像的历史. 随着中巴地球资源卫星的系列化和卫星应用成效的不断加强, 探索与之相关的数据处理手段成为必要. 由于成像时大气中常见云层存在, 特别是我国南方地区经常会获得有云图像, 如何去除薄云影响, 提取地表信息, 便成为应用中提高图像可用性的重要环节. 在用改进的同态滤波法定性去除可见光波段的薄云影响后, 将像元分类; 然后根据可见光波段受薄云影响大的特性, 利用可见光波段确定有云、无云区, 并计算无云区不同地类的反射率; 最后, 匹配有云、无云区中相同地类的平均反射率, 达到了去除薄云的目的; 并且在改善目视效果的同时定量反演地表反射率, 达到了遥感定量化的需求.     

HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像大气订正

大气订正是遥感信息定量化研究中必不可少的一步,目前已有一些成熟的方法,但由于HJ-1A/B卫星CCD相机波段设置特点,常规的大气订正方法基本不适合于HJ-1A/BCCD影像.本文在大量分析HJ-1A/BCCD影像中不同地物的多种指数基础上,提出了改进暗目标法实现HJ-1A/BCCD影像的大气订正,该方法采用比值植被指数(RVI)、土壤调整植被指数(SAVI)和归一化水体指数(NDWI)的综合分析法确定暗像元自动提取,使之适用于环境减灾卫星CCD影像数据.为了客观地验证该方法的精度,本文选取地表平坦均一的敦煌校正场作为实验区,通过多次测量卫星过境时的地表反射率进行分析验证.     

多变量Hash函数的构造理论与方法

文中基于多变量非线性多项式方程组的难解性问题,并结合HAIFA迭代框架,提出了一种新的Hash算法,它与目前广泛使用的Hash算法相比具有下列优点:安全性基于一个公认的数学难题;输出Hash值长度可变;设计自动化,用户可根据实际需求构造满足其特定要求的Hash函数.同时还详细讨论了新算法的安全性、效率和性能,通过理论分析,选取适当参数的新算法,在其难解性问题的假设前提下,可达到理想Hash函数的安全性强度;实验结果表明,新算法在效率和性能方面与其他Hash函数具有可比性.此外,由于新算法具有良好的随机性,还可将其作为一种伪随机数生成器.     

CBERS-02卫星CCD与WFI的NDVI影响因子的分析与比较

CCD和WFI是CBERS-02星上可见光及近红外的载荷.主要探讨它们在植被监测中的应用潜力.比较分析了辐射定标、大气条件及观测几何等因素分别对CCD及WFI传感器观测的NDVI的影响.并分析比较了CCD与WFI红波段及近红外波段的光谱差异对它们NDVI的影响.分析结果表明辐射定标的影响最大,如果不进行辐射定标,NDVI值很难用于植被的监测,而且不同传感器之间的NDVI不具可比性;地表NDVI与TOA的NDVI值相差较大,TOA的NDVI值随着大气条件而改变;地物的非朗伯性及大气路径随观测几何的变化对NDVI值也有影响.CCD与WFI之间由于光谱差异,它们的NDVI值也不同,WFI的NDVI值普遍高于CCD的NDVI值,但两个传感器的地表NDVI值具有很好的线性相关关系.     

载流子浓度与迁移率对氧化物薄膜红外透明导电性能影响的研究进展

红外透明导电薄膜凭借其在可见光-红外光范围内高透过和高导电的优点引起了广泛关注.根据德鲁德自由电子理论可知,透明导电薄膜的光学性能和电学性能之间难以协调.为了探明透明导电薄膜能否同时具有中-远红外光学透过性能和高导电性能,首先从电子与光子相互作用的机制出发,分析红外波段光电性能难以协调的本质原因,并提出实现红外透明导电的可能性.其次对近几年氧化物薄膜光电性能研究成果进行综述,探讨其光学性能和电学性能之间的作用关系,揭示了载流子浓度和迁移率与等离子波长和导电性能的关系,得出透明导电薄膜可以同时实现红外宽波段透过性能和高导电性能.最后得出可以通过调节薄膜的载流子浓度和迁移率,实现同时具有红外光学性能和电学性能的薄膜.     

高光谱卫星海洋遥感资料辐射精度评价模型研究

对于海洋水色遥感卫星来说,辐射定标精度作为一项重要的核心指标,恰恰是目前我国自主海洋水色卫星存在的不足之处,需要对遥感器进行系统的在轨辐射测量精度评价.文中基于大气辐射传输理论开发了一套高光谱卫星海洋遥感资料辐射精度评价模型(HRSREM),可以比较精确地计算出卫星平台接收到的遥感反射率,来衡量可见光遥感数据的测量精度.通过Gordon查找表方法对HRSREM模型的大气Rayleigh散射和气溶胶散射分量的精度验证,表明模型对两种大气散射计算误差小于2%;利用海上现场ASD高光谱仪测量的天空光反射率对模型的前向散射计算结果验证,其光谱平均相对误差约5.4%;利用宽视场海洋水色扫描仪(SeaWiFS)数据对模型的大气顶遥感反射率计算精度进行验证,其相对误差小于3.5%,说明HRSREM模型对卫星遥感资料的光谱辐射测量评价具有很高的精度.利用HRSREM模型对高光谱遥感卫星Hyperion在澳大利亚附近海域测量数据进行精度估算,可见近红外波段的光谱平均相对误差约为7.3%;对中分辨率成像光谱仪(CMODIS)数据精度评价结果表明,CMODIS存在较大的测量误差,特别是近红外波段的定标系数明显偏大,需要重定标来提高定量化处理和应用水平.     

CBERS-02卫星CCD相机资料定量化反演水体成分初探

采用定量化水色反演方法, 在现场测量数据的基础上, 针对CBERS-02 CCD波段, 建立了水体成分反演算法. 利用已校准的CCD辐亮度数据, 针对不同的海区, 采取了邻近清洁水体点和同日MODIS气溶胶参数的大气校正方法得到了水体定量化遥感的基本参数遥感反射比. 利用遥感反射比和所建立的反演算法, 获得了水体悬浮泥沙、叶绿素浓度分布. 悬浮泥沙的反演结果比较满意, 而叶绿素的结果不够理想, 因为遥感器的波段较宽和信噪比较低.     

Dyeing in the Eighteenth Century

The concept of a technical frontier in branches of experimental measurement, such as the resolution of the microscope, angular measure and time telling, has been around for more than 60 years. The purpose of this brief paper is to identify the technical frontier operating on the achromatic astronomical telescope, where a limiting factor of the resolution of fine detail was the quality of the optical glass available. The achromatically corrected objective is formed from two kinds of glass, the common crown glass and the heavy clear flint glass or lead glass. This last was difficult to make homogeneous, that is without regions of different density, and therefore different refraction and dispersion. Unusually, optical glass had to pass a second frontier, this time placed on the whole glass industry by the English Government in the form of excise duty, administered with a bureaucratic efficiency that effectively stopped, in around 1800, the making of optical glass suitable for the serious astronomical telescopes. The result of the tax imposition was to delay the English production of improved optical glass for more than 80 years.     

生态单元制图及其在西部生态环境保护中的应用

西部大开发是一项关系中华民族共同繁荣、全面振兴的世纪伟业,也是一项艰难复杂的系统工程,而生态环境的建设和保护是西部大开发的根本和切入点。在国外城乡环境保护中,生态单元制图是一项基础性工作。本文阐述了生态单元制图的概念,以及国外历史及现状,详细介绍了德国生态单元制图的方法和程序,并建议将其有选择性的运用到我国西部生态环境保护中。生态单元制图在生态单元划分的基础上,把各种生态单元类型落实在地图上,并建立生态信息数据库,为西部规划提供基础的生态数据,为西部环境保护、生态监测提供依据。此外,本文还提出了西部生态环境保护的其他对策,如生态功能区划、制定西部环境保护规划等等。     

基于平均增益模型的连续型(1+1)进化算法计算时间复杂性分析

连续型进化算法的计算时间复杂性分析是进化计算理论研究的一项公开难题,目前相关研究成果较少.针对连续型(1+1)EA,基于适应值差函数提出了平均增益模型及其分析方法,给出了平均计算时间的计算理论,为算法的计算时间复杂性分析提供了依据.在此基础上,研究还选取了学术界关注的球形函数作为研究对象,分别推导了变异步长满足标准正态分布和均匀分布的连续型(1+1)EA在优化球形函数时的平均增益,并估算出了它们的平均计算时间.理论分析说明:1)两种算法的计算时间复杂性都是指数级的;2)在给定相同精度和初始适应值差的前提下,采用均匀分布变异算子的算法其寻优速度优于采用标准正态分布变异算子的算法.进一步地,通过数值实验对理论分析结果进行了验证,结果表明平均增益模型分析是有效的.     

‘Land-marks of the universe’: John Herschel against the background of positional astronomy

John Herschel (1792–1871) was the leading British natural philosopher of the nineteenth century, widely known and regarded for his work in philosophy, optics and chemistry as well as his important research and popular publications on astronomy. To date, however, there exists no extended treatment of his astronomical career. This paper, part of a larger study exploring Herschel's contributions to astronomy, examines his work in the context of positional astronomy, the dominant form of astronomical practice throughout his lifetime. Herschel, who did not himself practice positional astronomy and who was known for his non-meridional observations of specific stellar objects, was nonetheless a strong advocate for positional astronomy—but for very different reasons than the terrestrial applications to which it was most often put. For Herschel, the star catalogues of positional astronomy were the necessary observational foundation upon which information about the stars as physical objects could be constructed. Positional astronomy practiced in the great national observatories was not about navigation or timekeeping; it was a way to standardize stellar observations and make them useful data for constructing theories of the stars themselves. For Herschel, the seeds of the new astronomy emerged from the practices of the old.     

The adaptive significance of sexuality

A theory of sexuality and polymorphism is proposed in which diversity at the molecular level is the adaptive response of multicellular organisms to the challenge of microparasites that have smaller genomes, shorter generation times and which can evolve more quickly than their hosts. The theory has implications for genetically homogenized crops and other cultivated plants as well as for immunology. A different function of sexuality is proposed for microorganisms that reproduce both asexually and sexually. Several possible experimental tests are discussed. Mathematical modelling techniques are outlined qualitatively and compared with game-theoretical methods which may be interpreted as simplifications of population dynamics of polymorphic host-parasite populations are referenced.     

Forecasting with leading indicators revisited

Transfer function or distributed lag models are commonly used in forecasting. The stability of a constant‐coefficient transfer function model, however, may become an issue for many economic variables due in part to the recent advance in technology and improvement in efficiency in data collection and processing. In this paper, we propose a simple functional‐coefficient transfer function model that can accommodate the changing environment. A likelihood ratio statistic is used to test the stability of a traditional transfer function model. We investigate the performance of the test statistic in the finite sample case via simulation. Using some well‐known examples, we demonstrate clearly that the proposed functional‐coefficient model can substantially improve the accuracy of out‐of‐sample forecasts. In particular, our simple modification results in a 25% reduction in the mean squared errors of out‐of‐sample one‐step‐ahead forecasts for the gas‐furnace data of Box and Jenkins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The adaptive significance of sexuality

Summary A theory of sexuality and polymorphism is proposed in which diversity at the molecular level is the adaptive response of multicellular organisms to the challenge of microparasites that have smaller genomes, shorter generation times and which can evolve more quickly than their hosts. The theory has implications for genetically homogenized crops and other cultivated plants as well as for immunology. A different function of sexuality is proposed for microorganisms that reproduce both asexually and sexually. Several possible experimental tests are discussed. Mathematical modelling techniques are outlined qualitatively and compared with game-theoretical methods which may be interpreted as simplifications of population dynamic and genetic equilibria. Some results about equilibria, stability and extinction in the population dynamics of polymorphic host-parasite populations are referenced.     

改进的模糊神经网络算法在车型识别中的应用

FBP和FCNN网络是模式识别中应用最为广泛的两种神经网络,本文将这两种网络应用于车型识别,分别建立了车型识别模型。利用混沌对初值的极端敏感依赖提出了FCNN网络算法,通过对车型图像数据库进行仿真实验,对比分析它们各自的识别率和泛化能力等性能指标,证明了FCNN网络算法的有效性。     

Trust in expert testimony: Eddington's 1919 eclipse expedition and the British response to general relativity

The 1919 British astronomical expedition led by Arthur Stanley Eddington to observe the deflection of starlight by the sun, as predicted by Einstein's relativistic theory of gravitation, is a fascinating example of the importance of expert testimony in the social transmission of scientific knowledge. While Popper lauded the expedition as science at its best, accounts by Earman and Glymour, Collins and Pinch, and Waller are more critical of Eddington's work. Here I revisit the eclipse expedition to dispute the characterization of the British response to general relativity as the blind acceptance of a partisan's pro-relativity claims by colleagues incapable of criticism. Many factors served to make Eddington the trusted British expert on relativity in 1919, and his experimental results rested on debatable choices of data analysis, choices criticized widely since but apparently not widely by his British contemporaries. By attending to how and to whom Eddington presented his testimony and how and by whom this testimony was received, I suggest, we may recognize as evidentially significant corroborating testimony from those who were expert not in relativity but in observational astronomy. We are reminded that even extraordinary expert testimony is neither offered nor accepted entirely in an epistemic vacuum.