Genetic mechanisms of floral trait correlations in a natural population

Genetic correlations among traits are important in evolution, as they can constrain evolutionary change or reflect past selection for combinations of traits. Constraints and integration depend on whether the correlations are caused by pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium, but these genetic mechanisms underlying correlations remain largely unknown in natural populations. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies do not adequately address the mechanisms of within-population genetic correlations because they rely on crosses between distinct species, inbred lines or selected lines (see ref. 5), and they cannot distinguish moderate linkage disequilibrium from pleiotropy because they commonly rely on only one or two episodes of recombination. Here I report that after nine generations of enforced random mating (nine episodes of recombination), correlations between six floral traits in wild radish plants are unchanged, showing that pleiotropy generates the correlations. There is no evidence for linkage disequilibrium despite previous correlational selection acting on one functionally integrated pair of traits. This study provides direct evidence of the genetic mechanisms underlying correlations between quantitative traits in a natural population and suggests that there may be constraints on the independent evolution of pairs of highly correlated traits.     

A point mutation in the neu oncogene mimics ligand induction of receptor aggregation

The rat neu gene, which encodes a protein closely related to the epidermal growth factor receptor, is a proto-oncogene that can be converted into an oncogene by a point mutation. Both genes encode proteins with a relative molecular mass of 185,000 but the question of why the neu gene product, p185neu, is oncogenic, whereas the product of c-neu, p185c-neu, is not, remains unanswered. The proteins have several features common to the family of tyrosine kinase growth-factor receptors, including cysteine-rich external domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The oncogenic p185neu differs from p185c-neu by an amino-acid substitution in the transmembrane region of the glycoprotein: this replacement of valine by glutamic acid at position 664 induces increased intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity which is associated with transformation. Many glycoproteins with charged amino acids in the transmembrane region exist as multimeric complexes at the plasma membrane. We have therefore investigated the association state of both products of the neu gene and show that the oncoprotein p185neu is organized at the plasma membrane primarily in an aggregated form, but that p185c-neu is not. Induction of an aggregated state may mimic aspects of ligand-induced receptor aggregation resulting in enzymatic activation that leads to cellular transformation.     

Association of a Ras-related protein with cytochrome b of human neutrophils

Activation of the superoxide generating system in human neutrophils is thought to involve the interaction or assembly of cytochrome b with other cytosolic and membrane proteins. We have now co-isolated by conventional purification procedures a protein of relative molecular mass 22,000 with cytochrome b. This Ras-related protein is not a fragment of either of the subunits of cytochrome b, and its primary structure, as determined by the sequencing of its complementary DNA, is identical to that predicted from a recently cloned ras-related gene, rap1 (also termed Krev-1). Immunoaffinity purification on anti-cytochrome and anti-Ras immunoaffinity matrices indicates an association between cytochrome b and the Ras-related protein. The association of a Ras-related GTP-binding protein with cytochrome b of human neutrophils could indicate a role for such a protein in the transduction, regulation or structure of the superoxide generating system.     

Association of tyrosine kinase p56lck with CD4 inhibits the induction of growth through the alpha beta T-cell receptor.

The membrane glycoprotein CD4 enhances antigen-mediated activation of T cells restricted by class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This positive function has been attributed to the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck (ref. 4), which is noncovalently associated with the cytoplasmic portion of CD4, and is activated on CD4 aggregation. Antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules coaggregates CD4 and the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha beta-CD3). Thus, the mutual specificity of CD4 and TCR alpha beta for the MHC-antigen complex results in the juxtaposition of p56lck and TCR alpha beta-CD3. In contrast, anti-CD4 antibodies can abrogate antigen-induced, as well as anti-TCR-induced T-cell activation, indicating that CD4 might also transduce negative signals. The molecular basis for this opposing function remains unclear. Here we show that the CD4-p56lck complex prohibits the induction of activation signals through the TCR-CD3 complex when not specifically included in the signalling process. This negative effect does not require anti-CD4 treatment, indicating that the induction of distinct negative signals is probably not involved. Rather, the results demonstrate that the CD4-p56lck complex provides prerequisite signals for antigen-receptor-induced T-cell growth and thus characterize a molecular mechanism for functional constraints imposed on T-cell activation by the MHC.     

葡萄籽油的提取和精炼工艺研究

对葡萄籽油提取和精炼工艺进行了研究.结果表明,在文中的试验条件下,葡萄籽油浸提最佳工艺条件是:石油醚为浸提剂,葡萄籽粒度60目、含水量7.0%、料液比1 g∶7 mL、温度70℃、浸提时间4h.葡萄籽油精炼工艺条件是:碱炼初温45℃,碱液浓度9.50%,超碱用量0.3%;水化加水量2%,水化时间分别为1.0、0.5 h;二次脱色工艺为活性脱色白土,加量第1次1%,脱色时间30 min、脱色温度80℃,第2次加量1%,脱色时间15 min,温度85℃,真空度0.08 MPa;在真空度0.08 MPa、温度180℃、脱臭时间1 h条件下可以脱除葡萄籽油中的臭味成分,保持葡萄籽的固有香味.     

酶法浸提酿酒葡萄果渣中多酚的最优工艺

以酿酒后葡萄果渣为原料,50%的乙醇溶液为介质,加入纤维素酶和果胶酶后,可浸泡提取葡萄果渣中多酚类物质.在不同酶浓度、pH值、反应温度和反应时间下进行单因素试验和正交试验,探讨不同条件对产率的影响,获得最优工艺条件.结果表明,保持反应温度55℃,在pH 5的条件下,加入浓度为4.5mg/g的混合酶(纤维素酶和果胶酶混合比例为1︰2)反应120min即可获得最大产率,与同条件下的无酶反应相比,产率提高了25.56%.     

变异率和种群数目自适应的遗传算法

提出了针对个体变异率和种群数目的2种自适应方法.算法中个体变异率根据其适度值在种群中的排序自适应调整,使优良个体具有较小的变异率继续进化,而使种群中较差个体具有较大变异率,增强了种群搜索能力.同时根据种群个体适度值方差动态调整变异率曲线,种群数目调整则根据最优个体更新率动态增大,以动态适应解空间的规模避免采样误差造成的进化停滞.通过在不同尺度的NK Landscape上与传统的简单遗传算法(SGA)比较可得,2种自适应方法的引入对遗传算法的寻优能力有了明显改进.     

体育锻炼与高血压的相关性研究

了解成年居民体育锻炼人群与非体育锻炼人群之间的血压差异．在山西省人群中随机征集21-60岁健康的男女性样本1642个,对他们的体育锻炼状况进行询问,用标准方法测量样本的血压．应用协方差分析在校正其他因素的影响后分别比较男女性中体育锻炼组与非体育锻炼组收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）之间的差异．结果表明：男女性体育锻炼组与非体育锻炼组的SBP存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,男性体育锻炼组与非体育锻炼组的DBP存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,女性体育锻炼组与非体育锻炼组的DBP存在显著差异（P〈0．05）．体育锻炼是影响血压的有效指标,进行体育锻炼可有效的预防和控制高血压．     

一种新型结构的内外双转子感应电机

为了提高感应电机的运行性能,研究了一种具有内外双转子的新型结构的感应电机。电机采用励磁电抗较大的特殊铁芯和定子绕组形式。通过分析电机内部的电磁关系,计算了其特殊的磁场分布,推导出电机的数学模型,并对其进行了动态仿真。结果表明,电机具有良好的动态特性,特别是当电机极数较少（例如2极）时,绕组电阻和端部漏抗值都很小,而力能指标却较高。因此,推导出的电磁关系和数学模型适用于新型内外双转子感应节能电机的设计分析。     

威格纳分布在异步电动机故障诊断中的应用

利用 Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ分布对笼型异步机起动过程的定子电流作时频谱分析以确定其中是否有（１—２ｓ）ｆ（ｓ为滑差，ｆ为电网频率）这一断条特征量．从而诊断有无断条。结果表明：这种方法比传统的利用稳态定于电流作谱分析来诊断转子断条的方法，具有灵敏度高、信息丰富的优点，并且为双鼠笼异步电动机上笼断条的早期诊断提供了可行的途径。     

Tight linkage between a splicing mutation and a specific DNA haplotype in phenylketonuria

The first phenylketonuria mutation identified in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene is a single base substitution (GT----AT) in the canonical 5'-splice donor site of intron 12. Direct hybridization analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes demonstrates that the mutation is tightly associated with a specific restriction fragment-length polymorphism haplotype among mutant alleles. The splicing mutation is the most prevalent phenylketonuria allele among Caucasians, and the results suggest the possibility of detecting carriers of the genetic trait who have no family history of phenylketonuria.