Trends of sea level rise in the South China Sea during the 1990s: An altimetry result

Using 7 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry data, we have identified a general trend of sea level rising in the South China Sea between January 1993 and December 1999. The estimated bulk rising rate of the entire basin is -1 cm/a. The rise of sea level appears to be spatially non-homogeneous, which shows a highest rate of 2.7 cm/a in the deep basin west of Luzon and generally low (even negative) rates over the shallow continental shelves. It is believed that the observed rapid rising of sea level is a regional phenomenon and is mainly caused by warming of the upper layer of the South China Sea, which showed a bulk warming rate of 0.15℃/a in the same period. It is also suggested that the observed rising trend is mainly a decadal signal, which is possibly associated with decadal variation of the Pacific warm pool region.     

Emerged fossil corals on the coast of northwestern Hainan Island, China: Implications for mid-Holocene sea level change and tectonic uplift

Fossil corals are widespread on the coast of northwestern Hainan Island, China. Most of these corals are exposed during low tide levels, indicating that a higher sea level may have existed during their life time. The radiocarbon data introduced by this paper in combination with those from other sources show that the corals were alive mainly during the midto late-Holocene. Mid-Holocene sea levels 1-3 m higher than the present level were confirmed for adjacent coasts; however, the emerged corals on the investigated coast are not necessarily indicators of a higher eustatic sea level. They do predict relative sea levels of 1.5-3.4 m when using 1 m below the tidal datum as the upper limit of coral growth. However, using the Mean Lower Low Water as the coral’s upper growth limit, the relative sea level on the non-volcanic coast was almost as high as the present level, whereas that on the volcanic coast was 0.4-2.0 m higher than present. Therefore, the exposure of these dead coral heads and their discrepancy in elevation may be the result of tectonic uplift caused by volcanic activities. From these results, the highest sea level of upward coral growth must be defined first when using fossil corals to reconstruct past sea levels. Meanwhile, vertical tectonics have to be taken into account as a significant factor when conducting high-resolution sea level reconstruction, although the South China coast is located in a "tectonically stable" region.     

Coupling and propagating of mesoscale sea level variability between the western Pacific and the South China Sea

The coupling and propagating features of mesoscale sea level variability between the western Pacific (WP) and the South China Sea (SCS) were studied based on time series analyses of satellite altimeter measured, along-track sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) along 21°N and the slope of the northern SCS. The analyses show that mesoscale sea level fluctuations in the WP have rather limited coherent effects on the SCS, and no statistically significant propagation of mesoscale variability through the Luzon Strait was observed except in the 45-day band. Evidence suggests that the 45-day fluctuation is very much likely a character of the Kuroshio originating from its low-latitude beginning. It is also sug- gested that the westward propagating Rossby waves will deform when they encounter the dynamical barrier of the Kuroshio. The Kuroshio will then acts on the SCS in its own way. The SCS is a relatively isolated system in the sense of coupling and propagating of oceanic mesoscale waves.     

The Land Subsidence and Relative Sea Level Rise in Chinese Delta Areas

Based on some experts‘ research effort, the problems of land subsidence and relative sea level rise in three Chinese delta areas(Huanghe, Changjiang and Zhujiang Delta) are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The authors‘ opinion is that the land subsidence is mainly induced by human activity and has made the greater contributions to the relative sea level rise and become one of the geological hazards in these areas. In Tianjin and Shanghai areas where had ever existed serious land subsidence problem, due to the positive and effective control methods, the ratio of man-induced land subsidence to relative sea level rise decreased from 80% - 90% in 1960s - 1970s to less than 60% at present. But it is estimated that in the next tens of years this ratio will still be considerable. So human being must keep its eyes on this phenomenon and take more positive countermeasures to control the land subsidenee.     

Study on the reaction of carbon disulfide with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution

Carbon disulfide is an important sulfur-containing compound in the environment, and its oxidation produces about 30% of the atmospheric COS[1]. In situ measure- ments show that CS2 is widespread in the sea surface wa- ters[2―4], and more recently, the continental water seems to be especially rich sources of CS2 due to industrial waste- water effluents. It is generally accepted that the ocean is an important source for atm. CS2, and Xie et al.[5] found that marine photochemical reaction of…     

Initial estimate of the contribution of cryospheric change in China to sea level rise

Recent studies have shown that cryospheric melting is becoming the dominant factor responsible for sea level rise,and that the melt-water from mountain glaciers and ice caps has comprised the majority of the cryospheric contribution since 2003.Analysis of the estimations of cryospheric melt-water and precipitation in glacier regions indicated that the potential contribution of the cryosphere in China is 0.14 to 0.16 mm a–1,of which approximately 0.12 mm a–1 is from glaciers.The contribution of glaciers in the outflow river basins is about 0.07 mm a–1,accounting for 6.4%of the total from global glaciers and ice caps.     

t-bit semiclassical quantum Fourier transform

Because of the difficulty of building a high-dimensional quantum register,this paper presents an implementation of the high-dimensional quantum Fourier transform(QFT)based on a low-dimensional quantum register.First,we define the t-bit semi- classical quantum Fourier transform.In terms of probability amplitude,we prove that the transform can realize quantum Fourier transformation,illustrate that the requirement for the two-qubit gate reduces obviously,and further design a quantum circuit of the transform.Combining the classical fixed-window method and the implementation of Shor’s quantum factorization algorithm,we then redesign a circuit for Shor’s algorithm,whose required computation resource is approximately equal to that of Parker’s.The requirement for elementary quantum gates for Parker’s algorithm is 3 O (logN),and the quantum register for our circuit re- quires t-1 more dimensions than Parker’s.However,our circuit is t2 times as fast as Parker’s,where t is the width of the window.     

A weak El Nio event in 2002 detected by the astronomical observation

El Ni駉 is a kind of the disastrous events occurring in the central and eastern parts of tropical Pacific. It pre-sents itself as anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in these parts of the tropical Pacific. It is called an El Ni駉 (La Ni馻) event whenever the tropical Pacific SST anom-aly is warmer (cooler) than 0.5℃(- 0.5℃) and lasts for over 6 months[1]. Southern oscillation (SO) is a seesaw- like variation of sea level pressure (SLP) in eastern and western parts of the souther…     

Oxfordian (Jurassic) mayaitid (ammonite) dispersal in the Tibetan Himalaya as the first signal of the establishment of the Indo-Austral subrealm

New fossil collections in the Lanongla area, Tibetan Himalaya enables the establishment of the Upper Jurassic ammonoid succession. Middle Oxfordian ammonite-fauna is characterized by endemic epimayaitids with a marine deepening event, suggesting a high stand of sea level in the Tibetan Himalaya. Distribution of mayaitids around the Eastern Gondwana can be regarded as the first signal of the Indo-Austral Subrealm that was progressively established during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times.     

Low-frequency sea level variation and its correlation with climate events in the Pacific

Global mean sea level(GMSL) has not only significant secular trend and seasonal variations,but also inter-annual and decadal variations.This paper reconstructs the time series of GMSL variations between 1948 and 2007 by combining satellite altimeter measurements and tide gauge observations.Based on the time series,the acceleration of GMSL rise in the second half of 20th century is estimated to be 0.010±0.009 mm/a 2,and multi-scale low frequency sea level oscillations including decadal variations are detected,and the high-rate of GMSL rise during 1993-2003 is locate in the ascending phase of low frequency oscillation.Then,using the reconstructed GMSL time series after removing the secular trend from satellite altimetry and tide gauges measurements,it shows that low frequency signal of sea level variation has strong correlations with the index of El Ni o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).But in several time periods,they have large difference due to effects of both high frequency occurrence of El Ni o and La Ni a phenomenon and short term switch of PDO events.     

Heat and hyposmotic stimulation increase in [Ca^2＋]i by Ca^2＋ influx in rat synoviocytes

Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, which is marked by inflammatory synovitis, is a common, chronic autoimmune-disease, whose pathogenesis is complex and still unclear. In order to explore the effects of heat and hyposmotic stimuli on synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, the changes of [Ca^2＋]i induced by heat, hyposmotic and 4α-PDD stimuli were observed in synoviocytes. [Ca^2＋]i elevation induced by heat 28℃, hyposmotic and 4α-PDD stimuli is found to be positively relative to increasing temperature, decreasing osmolality and rising concentration of 4α-PDD. Results show that there is reciprocity among these stimuli and desensitization, and that [Ca^2＋]i elevation depends on Ca^2＋ influx, but not necessarily links to Ca^2＋ release from intracellular stores and voltage-dependent Ca^2＋ channel in synoviocytes. The above characteristics of Ca^2＋ influx are similar to those of TRPV4. A probable mechanism has been suggested that heat and hyposmotic stimulation might increase the level of [Ca^2＋]i by activating the TRPV4-like channel and Ca^2＋ influx in the synoviocytes.     

Optimization of TRPO Process Parameters for Americium Extraction from High Level Waste

Introduction“Partitioning- transmutation”is a new strategy forthe treatment and disposal of high level waste(HLW) .The partitioning processes such as theDi MAEX process[1] ,the TRUEX process[2 ] ,theTRPO process[3] ,the CTH process[4 ] and theDi DPA process[5] have been proven to bepromising. The hot test indicates that trialkylphosphine oxide(TRPO) can remove>99.9% U,Pu,Am,and Np from HLW[6,7] . However,in thehot test,theα- nuclides decontamination can notyet meet the non-α …     

Simulation study on optimal currents and winds for the spaceborne SAR mapping of sea bottom topography

A simulation model for the radar backscattering cross section of the sea surface has been developed based on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism of the sea bottom topography. The relationship between tidal currents, sea surface winds and the SAR mapping of the sea bottom topography has been analyzed using the results of the simulation. It is shown that the sea bottom topography can be observed by spaceborne SAR more easily at high current speeds. The optimal direction of the currents for mapping the sea bottom topography is the direction perpendicular to the bathymetric features while the direction parallel to the bathymetric features is the worst. The optimal range of wind speeds for mapping the sea bottom topography is between 3 and 9 m/s. The wind directions between 30° and 89° are preferred although the effect of the wind direction on SAR mapping of bottom topography is complicated.     

Relationship between Hadley circulation and sea ice extent in the Bering Sea

The linkage between Hadley circulation （HC） and sea ice extent in the Bering Sea during March-April is investigated through an analysis of observed data in this research. It is found that HC is negatively correlated to the sea ice extent in the Bering Sea, namely, strong （weak） HC is corresponding to less （more） sea ice in the Bering Sea. The present study also addresses the large-scale atmospheric general circulation changes underlying the relationship between HC and sea ice in the Bering Sea. It follows that a positive phase of HC corresponds to westward located Aleutian low, anomalous southerlies over the eastern North Pacific and higher temperature in the Bering Sea, providing unfavorable atmospheric and thermal conditions for the sea ice forming, and thus sea ice extent in the Bering Sea is decreased, and vice versa. In addition, it is further identified that East Asian-North Pacific-North America teleconnection may play an important role in linking HC and changes of atmospheric circulations as well as sea ice in the Bering Sea.     

Downside Risk-Aversion Analysis for a Single-Stage Newsvendor Problem

We extend the classical newsvendor problem by introducing a downside risk constraint from the perspective of inventory control. At the beginning of a replenishment period the newsvendor will place an order, then he will review the inventory level at the end of the period. If the inventory level is positive then he will bear the holding cost and if the inventory level is negative then he will bear the backorder cost. The optimal order quantity has a simple form. We analyze the form of the optimal order quan-tity when we restrict that the probability that the cost level is larger than or equal to a fixed cost constant is less than a fixed value of probability. At last, we analyze the case that the fixed cost constant is equal to the expected cost.     

The Deoxidation Process of GCr15 Steel

It is shown that the average [O] in the steel can be decreased to 12.86 ppm and there is an optimal [%Si] at the end of melting as 0.11%, at which [O] after vacuum carbon deoxidation (VCD) is minimum. A kinetical model has been deduced to simulate the VCD process. The results show that adding Si before Al is superior to the adding Al before Si with respect to the final [O] in the steel. It is suggested that the melting point of covering slag should be lower than 1550℃, and (FeO+MnO) should be less than 1%, so as to effectively refine GCr15 steel.     

Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation in the western North Pacific typhoon frequency

Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) and the western North Pacific typhoon number (WNPTN) in the interannual variability is examined in this research. The WNPTN is correlated with the AAO in June-July-August-September (JJAS) in 1949-1998 at -0.48 for the detrended time series, statistically significant at 99% level. The tropical atmospheric circulation as well as the sea surface temperature variability over the western Pacific associated with AAO has been analyzed. It follows that a positive phase of JJAS AAO corresponds to the larger magnitude of the vertical zonal wind shear, the anomalous low-lever anticyclonic circulation and anomalous high-level cyclonic circulation, and lower sea surface temperature in the major typhoon genesis region in the western North Pacific, thus providing unfavorable environment for the typhoon genesis, and vice versa.     

On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain,East China

The temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites shows a long period of absence of human settlements during the early Holocene on the Yangtze Delta, and the area has not been colonized until 7000 aBP, corresponding to the onset of the Majiabang culture. Besides the regions east to the sandbar of Maqiao Site in Shanghai, foraminifera are not found in Neolithic cultural layers since 7000 aBP, indicating a widespread transgression between 10000 and 7000 aBP Evidence of radiocarbon-dated cultural relics, foraminifera and pollen records from the Hemudu Site suggests that the Hemudu culture emerged and developed during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. Therefore, the hypothesis of a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain from 7000 to 5000 aBP is an open debate. New evidence from archaeological excavations and bio-stratigraphy suggests that, prior to 7000 aBP, a high sea level occurred along the Ningshao Plain. Subsequently, the sea level was lowered between 7000 and 5000 aBP, and the area suffered from freauent floods from 5000 to 3900 aBP.     

Simulation of Whole Periodic Operation of Naphtha Pyrolysis

IntroductionEthylene is the organic material produced in largeamounts industrially,and the increase growth ofits production even exceeds the growth rate of theGDP[1] .The technology level ofthe steam crackingfurnaces is the mostimportantkey to the economi…     

Ascent schedules, acute altitude illness, and altitude acclimatization: Observations on the Yushu earthquake

During the Yushu earthquake on April 14, 2010, a large number of rescuers from sea level or lowlands very rapidly or rapidly ascended to the quake areas less than 24 hours. However, Yushu earthquake is the highest quake in the world at altitudes between 3 750 m to 4 878 m where is a serious hypoxic environment. A high incidence of acute altitude illness was found in the unacclimatized rescuers, the mountain rescue operation changed as “rescue the rescuers”. Lessons from the Yushu earthquake, the ascent schedules may be closely related to the occurrence of acute altitude illness. This prompted us to study the relationship between ascent rate and the incidence and severity of acute altitude illness, five different groups were compared. The first group was 42 sea-level male young soldiers very rapidly within 8 hours ascend to quake area at 4 000 m; the second group was 48 sea level male young soldiers rapidly ascend to 4 000 m less than 18 hours; the third group was 66 acclimatized medical workers who rapidly from 2 261 m ascend to 4 000 m within 12 hours; the forth group was 56 Tibetan medical workers who rapidly from 2 800 m ascend to 4 000m within 8 hours; the fifth group was 50 male sea level workers gradually ascended to 4 000 m over a period of 4 days. The results showed that the sea level rescuers very rapidly or rapidly ascend to 4 000 m had a highest incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) with a greatest AMS scores and lowest arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), the sea level workers gradually ascend to 4 000 m had a moderate incidence of AMS with a moderate AMS scores and SaO2 values, whereas the acclimatized and adapted rescuers have a lowest incidence of AMS, lowest AMS scores and a higher SaO2, especially none AMS has been occurred in Tibetan rescuers. AMS score is inversely related to the ascent rate (R=-0.24, P<0.001). Additionally,altitude acclimatization is significantly influenced by acute altitude illness. The speed of ascent rate is inversely related to the period of altitude acclimatization whereas the time of perfectly recovered from AMS is positively correlated to the time taken to acclimatize. Generally, the best means of preventing acute altitude illness is slowly and gradually ascended to high altitude, as this allows time for established altitude acclimatization and tolerated to the hypoxic environment. However, during an emergency circumstances such as mountain rescue operation the rescuers must be rapidly ascend to high elevation, an series of preventive strategies including pre-acclimatization, using some prophylactic drugs, and oxygen supplementary are sorely necessary.