不同浸提剂对干旱区黄土Cu、Zn的浸提

为了研究不同提取剂对干旱区黄土重金属的提取效果,选取了5种提取剂在不同平衡时间提取干旱区不同粒径黄土中重金属Cu、Zn,比较它们的提取效果.结果表明:不同提取剂对黄土中Cu、Zn的提取量和提取率有明显差异,5种提取剂对黄土中Cu的提取量大小为DTPAEDTA-2NaMgCl_2CaCl_2HAc-NaAc;对Zn的提取量大小为EDTA-2NaDTPACaCl_2MgCl_2HAc-NaAc.在试验设定的提取时间范围内,当振荡时间达到60 min时,5种浸提剂对供试土壤中重金属Cu、Zn的浸提均达到平衡.黄土粒径对重金属Cu的浸提量无明显影响,但粒径减小会增加CaCl_2、DTPA、EDTA-2Na对Zn的浸出量.通过对比5种浸提剂对黄土中Cu、Zn的浸提量可知,DTPA是提取黄土中有效态Cu最适宜的浸提剂,而EDTA-2Na更适宜提取黄土中有效态Zn.     

禽畜肉中重金属铜、铅、镉的稀酸浸提方法

为了高效快速检测样品中的重金属,满足酶联免疫法检测禽畜肉中重金属的要求,本实验以常见的易受重金属污染的禽畜肉产品(鸡肉、鸭肉、猪肉和牛肉)为对象,研究稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提其重金属铜、铅和镉的效果.研究表明,盐酸、硫酸和硝酸的最佳浸提浓度分别为1、2、2 mol/L,浸提时间分别为10、15、15 min,浸提温度分别为10~90、4~90、10~90℃.与微波消解法相比,3种稀酸浸提禽畜肉中重金属铜、铅和镉的效果为稀硝酸稀硫酸稀盐酸.稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提的加标回收率分别为62%~92%、91%~112%、97%~107%.综合3种稀酸浸提所需的时间、温度及回收率等因素,稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提法的操作可行性较高.利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和酶联免疫法(ELISA)分别检测稀酸浸提液的铜,并对两种检测方法的结果进行线性回归,显示两种检测方法的结果具有显著的线性相关(PT0.01,25),表明稀酸浸提法可满足酶联免疫法检测禽畜肉产品中重金属的样品前处理要求.     

污泥稻秸堆肥过程中重金属及速效氮的转化规律

利用污泥与稻秸按不同比例混合进行好氧堆肥60 d,研究堆体中NH+4-N、NO-3-N、6种重金属(Zn,Cu,Cr,Pb,Cd,Ni)质量分数及乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid,EDTA)浸提的重金属质量分数在堆肥前后的变化情况.结果表明:堆肥后,堆体中NH+4-N质量分数总体下降,降幅为33.21%～47.71%,而NO-3-N的质量分数则增加18.23%～35.12%;堆肥后6种重金属质量分数均有不同程度增加,其中w(Cd)增幅最高,为21.31%;但用EDTA浸提的重金属质量分数均有所下降,最大降幅为18.42%,且以w(污泥):w(稻秸)=4:1混合堆肥的效果最好.     

柠檬酸浸提污泥中重金属Zn的影响因素研究

采用化学浸出法对城市污泥中重金属Zn的浸提影响因素展开了研究,对比处理前后Zn的含量,研究柠檬酸浸提Zn的能力.通过单因素和正交试验,对可能影响Zn浸提率的柠檬酸浓度、反应体系pH、浸提时间和浸提温度等因素进行了数据分析.单因素试验结果显示,在柠檬酸浓度0.2mol/L、浸提时间15h、浸提温度20℃、pH3的条件下,Zn的最高浸提率为75.5%;对正交试验结果进行方差分析,温度对Zn的浸提率影响最显著;构建近似模型并选择合适的优化算法,优化组合条件下柠檬酸对Zn的最高浸提率为81.6%,比单因素试验浸提率提高了6.1%.研究表明,化学浸提是一种简便易行的城市污泥无害化处理方法,柠檬酸可以有效浸提污泥中的重金属Zn.     

几种浸出方法重金属浸出浓度与浸提率差异的研究

以某废弃化工厂产生的铬渣,采集的铬污染土壤及配制的铅污染土壤为样品,对比了国内和美国环保几种常见浸出方法的浸出浓度、浸提率并提出相关影响因素;实验结果表明:阳离子(如Cr~(3+)和Pb~(2+))的浸提率主要受到重金属的存在形态、H~+离子的离子交换作用和固态基质的酸蚀这3种因素影响,通常固态基质酸蚀作用影响较大,pH越低,浸出率越高;阴离子(如CrO_4~(2-))的浸提率主要受到OH~-离子的离子交换作用和固态基质的酸蚀2种因素影响,通常固态基质的酸蚀影响大于OH-离子的离子交换作用;浸出浓度同时受浸提率和液固比的影响,可能导致出现高浸提率、低浸出浓度的现象。     

TCLP法评价铅锌尾矿库土壤重金属污染:浸提剂的选择及其与重金属形态的关系

分析测定河北省涞源县某铅锌矿区污染土壤的重金属(Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd)含量, 基于美国法定重金属污染评价方法(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, TCLP)对土壤重金属污染状况及生态环境风险进行评价, 并对TCLP浸提剂进行比较筛选, 探究TCLP浸提量与重金属化学形态的相关性。比较两种TCLP浸提剂发现, 浸提剂B (用试剂水稀释17.25 mL的冰醋酸至1 L, 配制后溶液pH值为2.64 ± 0.05)比浸提剂 A (加5.7 mL冰醋酸至500 mL 试剂水中, 再加入64.3 mL 1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液, 稀释至1 L, 配制后溶液pH应为4.93 ± 0.05)能更有效地提取土壤中的重金属, 并且两者之间存在一定的正相关性, TCLP浸提液中的重金属质量分数与重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态存在一定的关系。     

川芎超声浸提物的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对川芎的超声浸提物进行了分析,发现其主要成分为内酯类化合物.样品采用超声波处理后,GC-MS分离出了2种含量相对较低的未见报道的内酯,它们分别占到总内酯质量分数的0.36%和0.31%.浸提溶剂采用了3种(三氯甲烷、石油醚和酸性乙醇),并对3种不同溶剂的浸提物进行分析比较,结果显示用三氯甲烷和石油醚为溶剂可高效提取川芎中挥发性成分,而酸性乙醇提取脂肪酸类物质时优于上述2种溶剂.无论采用哪种溶剂超声浸提,川芎提取物中主要成分为内酯,萜类物质和脂肪酸类居次.     

废旧印刷线路板硝酸/盐酸/硫酸浸提过程中铜、铅、锌的相关性分析

废旧印刷线路板(WPCBs)是电子垃圾资源化循环利用的核心问题,湿法浸提回收方法是WPCBs综合利用的有效方式之一。采用SPSS统计分析方法研究了WPCBs在盐酸、硫酸和硝酸浸提体系中有价金属铜和重金属铅、锌之间的相互作用。结果表明:WPCBs中有价金属铜和重金属铅、锌在硝酸、盐酸和硫酸浸提过程中,铜与锌、铜与铅、锌与铅均呈浸出统计学正相关,其中硝酸最高,硫酸最低;浸出相关性系数分别为硝酸:0.929,0.908,0.855;盐酸:0.927,0.629,0.713;硫酸:0.857,0.337,0.305。3种酸对铜、锌和铅的浸出作用依次为硝酸盐酸硫酸,铜、锌的相关性高于铜、铅与锌、铅,即WPCBs浸提过程中锌对铜的影响最大。该研究可为湿法浸提WPCBs过程中酸的选取、有价金属与重金属选择性浸出以及污染物控制提供理论支撑。     

煤灰的环境效应研究

分别采用HCl、CaCl2、DTPA和EDTA四种浸提剂提取粉煤灰中Cr、Hg、Pd、Cd、As五种重金属污染元素,探讨温度、灰土比例及颗粒大小对浸提情况的影响,并通过正交实验方法,优化实验条件,并分析了4个产地粉煤灰中重金属浸提量。实验结果表明:浸提剂种类对重金属元素的浸提量影响最大,粉煤灰粒径影响最小;随着温度的升高,粉煤灰中重金属浸提量增加;粉煤灰以30%的比例与土壤混合时,重金属浸提量较大。当在最大浸提条件下,即40℃时,粉煤灰粒径在100~200目,以30%的比例与土壤混合,用DTPA浸提剂进行浸提,重金属(Cd不显著)浸提量超过100%土壤和100%粉煤灰,且浸出趋势与粉煤灰粉产地、种类关系不大。     

秸秆与污泥混合好氧堆肥研究

将污泥与秸秆进行混合好氧堆肥,对堆肥过程中堆料的温度、pH值、含水率及堆肥前后重金属各形态的变化进行了分析,结果表明堆肥处理可以实现顺利升温并在50～55℃维持5d以上,达到杀灭致病菌要求的条件;pH值稳定在7．5—9．0之间,含水率不断减小,堆肥过程可以顺利进行;重金属有效态有一定程度的降低,减小了污泥土地利用时重金属的环境危害。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with