Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids

The systematic affinities of several Palaeozoic skeletal taxa were only resolved when their soft-tissue morphology was revealed by the discovery of exceptionally preserved specimens. The conodonts provide a classic example, their tooth-like elements having been assigned to various invertebrate and vertebrate groups for more than 125 years until the discovery of their soft tissues revealed them to be crown-group vertebrates. Machaeridians, which are virtually ubiquitous as shell plates in benthic marine shelly assemblages ranging from Early Ordovician (Late Tremadoc) to Carboniferous, have proved no less enigmatic. The Machaeridia comprise three distinct families of worm-like animals, united by the possession of a dorsal skeleton of calcite plates that is rarely found articulated. Since they were first described 150 years ago machaeridians have been allied with barnacles, echinoderms, molluscs or annelids. Here we describe a new machaeridian with preserved soft parts, including parapodia and chaetae, from the Upper Tremadoc of Morocco, demonstrating the annelid affinity of the group. This discovery shows that a lineage of annelids evolved a dorsal skeleton of calcareous plates early in their history; it also resolves the affinities of a group of problematic Palaeozoic invertebrates previously known only from isolated elements and occasional skeletal assemblages.     

超细晶粒Q235钢板力学性能和强韧化机理研究

通过添加合金元素Nb和Ti及配以合理的控轧控冷工艺，得到了强韧性配合良好的超细晶粒Q235钢板。在对钢的力学性能测试和显微组织观察的基础上，研究了超细晶粒钢组织结构与性能之间的关系。结果表明，超细晶粒Q235钢的组织为铁素体加珠光体；但其性能较传统Q235钢翻了一番；强度改善是控轧控冷工艺和加入微合金化元素Nb和Ti综合作用的结果。超细晶粒Q235钢板的强韧化机制主要是细晶强化，其次为沉淀强化。     

Gli3 and Plzf cooperate in proximal limb patterning at early stages of limb development

The vertebrate limb initially develops as a bud of mesenchymal cells that subsequently aggregate in a proximal to distal (P-D) sequence to give rise to cartilage condensations that prefigure all limb skeletal components. Of the three cardinal limb axes, the mechanisms that lead to establishment and patterning of skeletal elements along the P-D axis are the least understood. Here we identify a genetic interaction between Gli3 (GLI-Kruppel family member 3) and Plzf (promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger, also known as Zbtb16 and Zfp145), which is required specifically at very early stages of limb development for all proximal cartilage condensations in the hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula). Notably, distal condensations comprising the foot are relatively unperturbed in Gli3(-/-);Plzf(-/-) mouse embryos. We demonstrate that the cooperative activity of Gli3 and Plzf establishes the correct temporal and spatial distribution of chondrocyte progenitors in the proximal limb-bud independently of known P-D patterning markers and overall limb-bud size. Moreover, the limb defects in Gli3(-/-);Plzf(-/-) embryos correlate with the transient death of a specific subset of proximal mesenchymal cells that express bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1B (Bmpr1b) at the onset of limb development. These findings suggest that the development of proximal and distal skeletal elements is distinctly regulated early during limb-bud formation. The initial division of the vertebrate limb into two distinct molecular domains is consistent with fossil evidence indicating that the upper and lower extremities of the limb have different evolutionary origins.     

微合金化对超细晶中厚板显微组织的影响

在Gleeble 1500热模拟机上,通过820~790℃温度范围内的多道次热压缩变形模拟了中厚板的精轧工艺,考察了不同铌、钒(氮)含量的低碳钢的组织演变过程、微合金元素的碳氮化物的析出行为和对形变诱导铁素体相变(DIFT)的影响.结果表明:变形过程中有部分奥氏体转变为铁素体,依变形的温度不同在变形间隔时间内有逆相变或亚动态相变发生;变形后快速冷却得到平均晶粒直径低于5μm的超细晶组织.单独添加钒对DIFT具有抑制作用,可以细化显微组织;钒-氮复合添加促进DIFT,但使组织粗化;添加铌基本不会抑制DIFT,能显著细化显微组织.变形后冷速越小,钢种间差距越明显.微合金化元素的作用与其在变形过程中...     

Mice overexpressing human uncoupling protein-3 in skeletal muscle are hyperphagic and lean

Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) is a recently identified member of the mitochondrial transporter superfamily that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. However, its close relative UCP-1 is expressed exclusively in brown adipose tissue, a tissue whose main function is fat combustion and thermogenesis. Studies on the expression of UCP-3 in animals and humans in different physiological situations support a role for UCP-3 in energy balance and lipid metabolism. However, direct evidence for these roles is lacking. Here we describe the creation of transgenic mice that overexpress human UCP-3 in skeletal muscle. These mice are hyperphagic but weigh less than their wild-type littermates. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a striking reduction in adipose tissue mass. The mice also exhibit lower fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and an increased glucose clearance rate. This provides evidence that skeletal muscle UCP-3 has the potential to influence metabolic rate and glucose homeostasis in the whole animal.     

SUS410S爆炸复合钢界面显微分析

文章对国产及日本进口的两类ＳＵＳ４１０Ｓ爆炸复合板近界面部位的组织、显微硬度及主要合金元素的分布状况作了测定，分析了它们各自的工艺特点及相应接头性能上的差别。     

40Cr厚向性能差异化钢板的组织与性能

通常情况下耐磨钢板磨损到一定程度即报废,因此耐磨钢板厚度方向上不必全为淬硬层,而现有耐磨钢板热处理都是以全尺寸淬透为目标.针对此问题,提出采用瞬时淬火工艺制备厚向性能差异化钢板.实验选用厚度为30 mm的40Cr钢板,处理后其表层为针状马氏体和板条马氏体混合组织,过渡层由板条马氏体和贝氏体混合组织逐渐过渡为珠光体和铁素体混合组织,表面硬度710 HV,淬硬层深度9 mm,过渡层深度5 mm.试制的40Cr厚向性能差异化钢板具有良好的冲击韧性和耐磨性,为机械工程行业需要的"表硬里韧"钢板提供了一种新的选择.     

Functions of FGF signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development

To determine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), we inactivated Fgf4 and Fgf8 in AER cells or their precursors at different stages of mouse limb development. We show that FGF4 and FGF8 regulate cell number in the nascent limb bud and are required for survival of cells located far from the AER. On the basis of the skeletal phenotypes observed, we conclude that these functions are essential to ensure that sufficient progenitor cells are available to form the normal complement of skeletal elements, and perhaps other limb tissues. In the complete absence of both FGF4 and FGF8 activities, limb development fails. We present a model to explain how the mutant phenotypes arise from FGF-mediated effects on limb bud size and cell survival.     

Microstructure and Element Composition of Shell Plates of Liolophura japonica

The microstructure characteristics of shell plates of chiton Liolophura japonica Lischke were analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The results show that the internal structure of the shell plate of chiton Liolophura japonica is composed of seven calcium layers which were crossed lamellar crystallites, homogeneous structure, granular crystallites, and trabecular type crystallites. The element compositions of shell plates were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results determined by XPS show that the surface chemical states of various layers are different. There are 13 elements (Na, O, N, C, S, P, Ca, Cl, Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg) on the shell plate of chiton L. japonica. Among the 13 elements, 11 are on the outside pigment layer except K and S. Among seven layers of shell plate, there is the largest quantity of elements on the outside pigment layer, and the least quantity of elements is on layer C (Articulamentum auctorum). There are 7 elements on the layer C (Articulamentum auctorum). Besides calcium carbonate, there are some inorganic compounds on the shell plate, such as NaCl, MgO, Al2O3, silicate, sulfate and phosphate. There are some organic chemical components, such as carbohydrate, organic sulfide, and organic nitride on the shell plates.     

压力容器接管区模拟异形试板的拟协调元分析

针对压力容器接管区高峰应变的特征,在压力容器接管模拟试板的基础上,对多种孔径的异型板应力应变场应用拟协调条件,建立单元间位移弱连续条件的拟协调有限元模型。该模型不需要应力满足平衡条件,简化了矩阵求逆计算,容易得出应变的离散精度,因此可以解决常规有限元难以适应的奇异性领域。文章分别就不带裂纹和带有裂纹的异型板进行应力数值分析,计算结果表明高峰应变区的应力集中与试验结果较为吻合,为压力容器接管部位的设计和裂纹疲劳扩展分析提供了可靠依据。     

变形及热处理制度对Q420厚板组织与性能的影响

介绍了规格100 mm Q420特厚板的物理模拟过程,分析了不同变形和热处理工艺对Q420特厚板组织和性能的影响,并得出不同质量级别Q420厚板的最佳生产工艺.结果表明:采用TMCP工艺钢板的强度、塑性和韧性均优于采用UPR工艺的钢板,且相应位置铁素体晶粒较细小;热轧钢板正火热处理显著改善了钢的塑性和韧性,但是降低了钢的强度;不同热轧工艺厚板在相同的正火温度下,热处理后钢板的强韧性相差较小,热处理前的轧制方式对热处理后钢板的组织和性能影响不大.     

New anomalocardid frontal appendages from the Guanshan biota, eastern Yunnan

Anomalocaridids were large predators of the Cambrian seas at the top of the trophic pyramid. Complete anomalocaridid specimens have been rarely discovered and the rigid isolated frontal appendages and mouthparts are more commonly preserved. Here we study new material of the frontal appendages from the Wulongqing Formation, Cambrian Stage 4, Series 2 near Kunming, eastern Yunnan. Two new forms of anomalocaridid frontal appendages are described, namely Anomalocaris kunmingensis sp. nov. and Paranomalocaris multisegmentalis gen. nov., sp. nov. The frontal appendage of A. kunmingensis sp. nov. probably comprises 15 podomeres of which the first one has a weakened skeletoned, the second one is armed with small spines, and the third one is armed with remarkably robust proximal ventral spines with 6 anisomerous auxiliary spines; paired auxiliary spines are associated with podomeres 4–14; podomeres 12–14 are armed with paired dorsal spines, and the last podomere bears 2 distal spines, one spine distinctly larger than the other. The frontal appendage of P. multisegmentalis tapered backwards, consisting of 22 visible podomeres; the most ventral spine is armed with 5 pairs of auxiliary spines, and podomeres 12–21 bear dorsal spines, the last podomere with 2 small distal spines. The new material provides additional evidence for our understanding of the diversity of anomalocaridids in the Cambrian. The morphology of these new finds may indicate the importance of different feeding strategies of anomalocaridids in the Cambrian ecosystem.     

Mechanical analysis of functionally graded plates based on the input data of metallographic diagrams

A microelement method for scale-span analysis of material microstructure and member macro response has been proposed. Instead of material parameter input for traditional mechanical analysis, the method is based on the input of metallographic diagram information. In order to express the material microstructure, this method arranges concentrated microelements in ordinary finite element before calculation, and transfers the node degrees of freedom of each microelement into the ones of the same finite element via compatibility conditions. This method can realize direct transition analysis from material microstructure to macro responses of members, while computation elements and degrees of freedom are equal to those of ordinary FEM. Based on the complicated microstructure diagrams proposed by material metallographic diagram, the mechanics responses of functionally graded plates are calculated and 3-D distributions of macro-mechanical variables and identical stress lines tendency on microstructure are given.     

工程机械用960MPa级调质钢板的淬火工艺研究

以屈服强度960MPa级高强调质钢板开发为目标,研究了淬火热处理制度对试验钢显微结构及力学性能的影响.结果表明:再加热淬火温度及保温时间决定了合金元素的溶解分布状态以及原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,最终影响了试验钢的综合力学性能,当淬火温度为900℃,保温15～25 min左右时试验钢具有优良的性能,即屈服强度Rp0.2=1110...     

Neuroanatomy of sea spiders implies an appendicular origin of the protocerebral segment

Independent specialization of arthropod body segments has led to more than a century of debate on the homology of morphologically diverse segments, each defined by a lateral appendage and a ganglion of the central nervous system. The plesiomorphic composition of the arthropod head remains enigmatic because variation in segments and corresponding appendages is extreme. Within extant arthropod classes (Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea and Hexapoda--including the insects), correspondences between the appendage-bearing second (deutocerebral) and third (tritocerebral) cephalic neuromeres have been recently resolved on the basis of immunohistochemistry and Hox gene expression patterns. However, no appendage targets the first ganglion, the protocerebrum, and the corresponding segmental identity of this anterior region remains unclear. Reconstructions of stem-group arthropods indicate that the anteriormost region originally might have borne an ocular apparatus and a frontal appendage innervated by the protocerebrum. However, no study of the central nervous system in extant arthropods has been able to corroborate this idea directly, although recent analyses of cephalic gene expression patterns in insects suggest a segmental status for the protocerebral region. Here we investigate the developmental neuroanatomy of a putative basal arthropod, the pycnogonid sea spider, with immunohistochemical techniques. We show that the first pair of appendages, the chelifores, are innervated at an anterior position on the protocerebrum. This is the first true appendage shown to be innervated by the protocerebrum, and thus pycnogonid chelifores are not positionally homologous to appendages of extant arthropods but might, in fact, be homologous to the 'great appendages' of certain Cambrian stem-group arthropods.     

Sonic hedgehog function in chondrichthyan fins and the evolution of appendage patterning

The genetic mechanisms regulating tetrapod limb development are well characterized, but how they were assembled during evolution and their function in basal vertebrates is poorly understood. Initial studies report that chondrichthyans, the most primitive extant vertebrates with paired appendages, differ from ray-finned fish and tetrapods in having Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-independent patterning of the appendage skeleton. Here we demonstrate that chondrichthyans share patterns of appendage Shh expression, Shh appendage-specific regulatory DNA, and Shh function with ray-finned fish and tetrapods. These studies demonstrate that some aspects of Shh function are deeply conserved in vertebrate phylogeny, but also highlight how the evolution of Shh regulation may underlie major morphological changes during appendage evolution.     

一种基于大焦元分解的信任函数逼近方法

针对证据合成提出一种基于大焦元分解的信任函数逼近方法,首先将基数过大的焦元进行分解,将焦元基数控制在不大于k的范围内,然后再按照改进的能量函数删减焦元,这样不仅减少焦元的个数,也控制了焦元基数,更优化了在证据合成时的计算复杂度,并且试验结果也表明了该方法的有效性.     

Identification of a novel retinoic acid receptor in regenerative tissues of the newt

In urodele amphibians, the progenitor cells that regenerate amputated limbs (known as the blastema) normally replace only the missing structures. After systemic delivery of retinoic acid (RA), more proximal structures are also formed, indicating that RA can control position specification in the proximal-distal axis of the regenerating limb. According to dose and experimental context, retinoids can also re-specify the anteroposterior axis of the limb, induce deletions of skeletal elements, or block re-growth completely. To study the molecular basis of these morphogenetic effects, we screened complementary DNA libraries of newt regenerative tissues (limbs and tails) for hormone nuclear receptors activated by RA. Two functional retinoic acid receptors (RARs) were identified, one of which is the newt homologue of the human alpha-receptor (RAR alpha). The second receptor, called RAR delta, is novel. Sequence analysis suggests that the composite newt RAR previously reported is chimaeric, consisting of 5'RAR-beta-like and 3' RAR delta clones. We conclude that multiple RARs are expressed during limb regeneration in amphibians and suggest that receptor heterogeneity may underlie the different effects of retinoids on limb morphogenesis.     

乌鳢Ophicephalus argus Cantor和月鳢Channa asiatica(Linnaeus)骨骼系统的比较研究

本文比较了乌鳢和月鳢的骨骼特征。通过对两种标本的X射线摄影研究,乌鳢具有发育完好的腰带与腹鳍,而月鳢既无腰带也无腹鳍的痕迹,在脊柱和肋骨的形态及数目上也明显不同。对头骨和肩带的整体以及分离骨片所作的解剖观察表明,无论在外形上,犬牙分布上以及许多分离骨片的形态上,都有重要的差异。鳢类各个种通常都是根据鳞片、鳍条以及斑纹等特征来分类的,属的划分主要是根据腹鳍的有无。究竟为两属或为一属,学者意见尚不一致。通过对骨骼系统的研究,乌鳢和月鳢具有许多重要的差异,把它们作为一个属是否合适,值得商榷。     

板桁组合结构分析中的板梁单元

为了能合理和方便地分析板桁组合结构的受力性能,将纵、横梁视为混凝土板的加动梁,建立考虑板梁共同作用和相对滑移板梁单元、无共同作用和过渡区的板梁单元.其中,将矩形板视为单元的基本部分,梁视为附属部分,即以矩形板4个结点的结点位移以及每条板梁结合面(有钉区)中线上的3个相对滑移自由度作为板梁单元的基本自由度,以构造板和梁的位移模式,由此得到板梁单元的单元刚度矩阵.