酶催化合成丁酸丁酯

以酶为催化剂，正丁醇与王丁酸一步反应可合成丁酸丁酯，本实验考察了不同类型的酶催化剂和普通催化剂、酶催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对合成酯收率的影响．优化的反应条件：醇酸摩尔比为1．3：1．0，酶催化剂用量比为4．0％，反应时间为30min，反应温度为25—35℃，酯产率可达94．1％．     

硫酸铈铵催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以硫酸铈铵为催化剂，乙酸和异戊醇为原料，合成乙酸异戊酯。考察了醇酸摩尔比，催化剂用量，反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：硫酸铈铵是合成乙酸异戊酯的良好催化剂，在醇酸摩尔比为1．8：1；催化剂用量为1．5g；反应时间3．0h的优化条件下，乙酸异戊酯的收率可达91．4％。     

固体超强酸TiO2/SO2-4催化合成乙酸戊酯的研究

对以固体超强酸TiO2／SO^2-4为催化剂，冰醋酸和戊醇为原料，催化合成乙酸戊酯的反应进行了研究，探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸比、反应时间等对酯化反应的影响。结果表明：醇酸摩尔比为1：3，催化剂用量为1．5g,反应时间为1．5h，酯的产率达94．6％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成没食子酸正丁酯

以没食子酸和正丁醇为原料，采用一水合硫酸氢钠作催化剂合成没食子酸正丁酯．研究了一水合硫酸氢钠用量、正丁醇用量和反应时间对没食子酸正丁酯收率的影响．当没食子酸，正丁醇和硫酸氢钠的物质的量比为1：15：0.034。回流分水5h，酯收率达92．3％．     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，用单因素分析法研究醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，酯化反应的最佳条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)：3．6：1.0，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．40％，反应时间4h，反应温度130～140℃，酯化率达到94．51％，纯度大于99．1％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成异戊酸异戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了异戊酸异戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量1.Og，醇酸摩尔比1．5：1．0，带水剂甲苯10ml，反应时间1．5h，酯化率可达90．3％。该催化剂易分离回收，可重复使用。     

TiSiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2催化合成抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯的研究

以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG),通过正交试验确定了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂用量为没食子酸质量的2%,反应时间为3 h,PG的收率可达95.1%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有极好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

TiSiW1240/TiO2催化合成抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯的研究

以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG),通过正交试验确定了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量比为8:1,催化剂用量为没食子酸质量的2%,反应时间为3 h,PG的收率可达95.1%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有极好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

壳聚糖硫酸盐催化合成没食子酸丙酯

以壳聚糖硫酸盐为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了没食子酸丙酯(PG),用正交试验确定了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到了最佳工艺条件为:醇酸摩尔比为10∶1,催化剂用量为1.0g,反应时间为4h,PG的收率可达91.3%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有良好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

磷钼杂多酸银盐催化合成醋酸异戊酯的研究

本文以磷钼杂多酸银盐为催化剂,对醋酸异戊酯的合成反应进行了研究,探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对酯产率的影响。结果表明：在异戊醇用量为０．２５ｍｏｌ的情况下,以环已烷为带水剂,用磷钼杂多酸银盐为催化剂,催化剂用量为 １．５ｇ,醇酸摩尔比为１：１．４,在回流温度下反应２小时后,再用分水装置反应１小时,酯产率达９２．８％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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