梨树断陷区块旋冲钻井技术应用研究

中石化东北油气分公司梨树断陷区块在营城组、沙河组、火石岭地层可钻性差、岩性较致密、局部含砾严重,并且沙河子组局部层位岩石硬度达到7级,采用常规钻井技术,存在的问题牙轮钻头效率低,寿命短;各种型号PDC钻头试用后效果不理想,通过采用旋冲钻井技术平均机械钻速提高了3.25倍;钻井周期缩短,钻井综合成本大大降低。旋冲钻井技术是在常规旋转钻井的基础上,在钻头上方连接液动射流式冲击器,在常规旋转破岩的同时,冲击器内的冲锤对钻头施加高频冲击,通过冲击作用对钻头齿下岩石造成强应力集中,使岩石塑性降低,脆性增加,并迅速产生脆性破坏坑力,提高了破岩效率。     

基于机械比能理论的钻井效率随钻评价及优化新方法

在原有破岩机械比能理论基础上,分析水力能量对破岩与井底净化起到的积极作用,建立水力参数条件下破岩比能模型,并完善相关理论。基于破岩比能模型与钻井参数和机械钻速的相互关系,通过分析钻进中井底工况,判断施加钻井参数的合理性,提出相应优化措施,并利用该模型预测机械钻速。结果表明:建立的破岩比能效率评价体系能够在钻前准确预测机械钻速、钻进中随钻诊断井底工况及优化参数、钻后优选钻头;该理论评价方法诊断准确率高、优化效果好且流程识别简单,具有良好的应用与推广价值。     

欠平衡下牙轮钻头牙齿侵入系数及钻速研究*

欠平衡条件下,钻井机械钻速大幅度提高,但钻头牙齿的侵岩机理至今尚不清楚。以岩石侵入理论为基础,在考虑欠平衡钻进条件下,针对牙轮钻头侵岩、破岩问题展开研究,推导了欠平衡钻进井底条件下牙轮钻头牙齿的侵入系数方程,并进一步建立了欠平衡钻进条件下的钻速模型。岩石侵入系数不受牙齿载荷和侵深的影响,是一个描述岩石抗侵入能力的基本参数。以徐深气田为例,理论和实验分析了内摩擦角和刃尖角对侵入系数和机械钻速的影响。结果表明,随井底有效法向应力的增大侵入系数增大;随内摩擦角和刃尖角的增大侵入系数呈指数增大;随有效法向应力的增大机械钻速明显减小;随内摩擦角和刃尖角的增大机械钻速呈线性减小。     

欠平衡井底附近岩石应力状态分析

由于欠平衡钻井具有大幅度提高钻速、有效保护油气层和降低钻井成本等优点,被广泛应用于国内外各大油田,但对欠平衡钻井井底岩石应力状态特点的相关研究较少。本文以欠平衡钻井井底附近井眼为研究对象,通过分析地应力、孔隙压力、液柱压力等对井底岩石机械力学特征变化的影响,来研究欠平衡条件下非渗透性井壁和渗透性井壁岩石的破碎效率、井斜、井壁稳定等问题。研究结果表明：井底附近岩石力学性质受地应力、孔隙压力、井眼及液柱压力等的综合作用。非渗透岩石时,欠平衡钻井破岩效率高,机械钻速大,井壁集中力大,易井斜;渗透井壁时,随渗透率的增大,欠平衡钻井破岩效率降低,机械钻速减小,井壁集中力减小,井斜倾向变小。     

单齿复合冲击切削破岩机制及其与扭转冲击的对比

复合冲击钻井技术是继扭转冲击钻井技术之后发展起来的新的针对硬地层的提速技术,但其破岩提速机制及其相对于扭转冲击技术的区别还不够清晰,使在实际钻井中对于这两种钻井技术的选择没有依据。针对此问题,在室内试验的基础上基于有限元方法建立单齿复合冲击切削岩石(硬岩和软岩)的拟三维数值仿真模型,研究复合冲击作用下钻齿切削岩石过程中岩屑形成及破岩比功等,并与扭转冲击切削做相应对比分析。结果表明:针对硬岩(雅安花岗岩),当切削深度较小(小于0.6 mm)时,复合冲击切削破岩效率最高;当切削深度适中(0.6～1.2 mm)时,扭转冲击切削破岩效率最高;当切削深度较大(大于1.2 mm)时,扭转冲击和复合冲击相对于常规切削破岩几乎没有提速效果;在软地层(南充砂岩)中复合冲击和扭转冲击切削几乎没有提速效果。     

川西双鱼石构造须家河组岩石抗钻特性研究

川西北部双鱼石构造栖霞组是四川盆地天然气增产上储的重要层系,但该区块以须家河组为代表的难钻地层面临钻头破岩难、磨损快,机械钻速低,单只钻头进尺短的瓶颈问题,严重制约了栖霞组气藏钻井提速和整体勘探开发进程。选取区块须家河组下部(须二、须一段)露头岩样和出井岩屑,开展了岩石可钻性、研磨性和抗钻机理分析实验。结果显示：测试岩样的可钻性级值平均为8.45,须一段岩样均为最高的10级,标准杆件平均研磨量为16.26mg,整体表现出极强的抗钻性。分析认为：须家河组下部地层孔隙度渗透率极低,石英含量高,胶结强度高,岩石抗压强度和硬度高,不利于钻头冲击/切削破岩和水力辅助破岩,是导致机械钻速极低的主要原因;宏观上的高强度高硬度以及钻屑颗粒在细观与微观尺度上的强研磨性,是导致钻头牙齿冲击破坏和研磨失效的关键因素,也是后续钻头研发和选型的重点攻关方向。     

冲旋钻井条件下的岩石破碎机理

冲旋钻井因其具有较高的钻速和较小的井斜,而广泛应用于矿山、石油与天然气领域的钻井工程中.为了揭示冲旋钻井的破碎机理,考虑静压、冲击和旋转的耦合作用,分别建立了牙齿和12 1/4″全尺寸平底钻头与岩石的三维冲击动力学模型.对所建立的模型进行有限元求解,结果显示:拉应力破碎是岩石破碎的主要形式,剪切应力、压应力破碎次之;岩石的破碎主要发生在岩石的拉应力失效阶段和卸载后的静压-旋转剪切破岩阶段;岩石在单齿的作用下可以显著地分成4个半球形区域;全尺寸钻头的破岩过程可以分成5个破碎阶段;边齿倾角越大,破岩侵深越小,破碎体积越大,齿顶应力越高;钻头边齿齿顶和齿孔应力均远高于中心齿,极易最先破坏;岩石越硬,牙齿侵入深度越小,破岩体积越大.研究结果与一系列的室内实验研究结果一致,可用于冲旋钻井钻头的优化设计及冲旋钻井参数的优选.     

钢粒冲击岩石破岩效果数值分析

为了分析钢粒冲击岩石的破岩效果,应用动力瞬态非线性有限元方法,建立球形钢粒冲击岩石的计算模型,并对其破岩过程和破岩机制进行分析.钢粒冲击岩石的理论最优粒径为0.1～0.3 cm、冲击速度为100～250 m/s、入射角为0°～20°.室内钢粒冲击岩石试验结果表明:加入钢粒后岩石的冲击破碎体积是不加钢粒的4倍多;在常规钻井机械水力联合破岩的基础上,加入钢粒会大幅度提高硬地层的钻井速度;试验验证了数值模拟的正确性.     

高速旋转冲击钻井破岩数值模拟及现场实验

为提高深井地层破岩效率,提出螺杆高速旋转条件下配合井下冲击破岩工具的高速旋冲钻井新模式,通过数值模拟研究单个PDC齿在不同工况下岩石的动态破碎过程,并进行高速旋冲钻井现场试验。结果表明:在旋转冲击钻井中,钻头转速增加,钻头吃入地层深度减少,前进阻力增大且波动更为剧烈,岩石破碎效率提高;增大钻头上的冲击力,钻头吃入地层的深度增加,岩石破碎效率提高;增大钻头上冲击力频率,岩石破碎效率提高;螺杆钻具结合自激振荡式高速旋转冲击钻井工具形成的自激振荡式高速旋转冲击钻井技术提高了钻头转速,相对于单独螺杆钻进,提高了切削齿的吃深。     

对简谐振动判据的讨论

通过对简谐振动的判据 (或定义 )的分析 ,说明线性回复力为系统的内力、振动系统机械能守恒 ,是简谐振动系统的基本特征 ;指出在机械运动范围内 ,用振动的微分方程和运动学方程作为简谐振动的判据是不充分的 ,而且简谐振动是系统的振动 ,而不是某物体的振动 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of