湍流交换系数的水平非均匀对Ekman抽吸的影响研究

利用地转动量近似理论,讨论了湍流交换系数（K）存在水平非均匀的条件下,边界层顶Ekman抽吸,研究表明：K的水平变化对Ekman抽吸有明显的影响,这种影响决定于边界层内的气压场、边界层顶的风场和K的梯度之间的关系,在气旋性涡旋中,当K由涡旋中心向外增大时,它增加边界层顶的Ekman抽吸,反之,减少Ekman抽吸。Ekman抽吸增加的幅度与K的梯度值有关,与边界层内水平气压梯度有关。     

长江口外羽状流水体中的垂向混合与层化的观测与分析

摘要：
2002年9月17日17：00至18日17：00,在长江口外E4站位 (122°40′8″E, 30°59′17″N),采用300 kHz声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)和温盐深仪(CTD)测得连续的水位、流速大小、流向、电导(盐度)和温度等水文资料.基于这些资料,通过文献中相应的公式,估算出水体的密度(ρ)、浮力频率(N)和梯度Richardson数(Ri),并绘制成水流流速分量、盐度、温度、ρ、N和Ri的垂线分布,从而对该站位羽状流水体中的垂向混合与层化进行了研究.结果表明：① 东西向流速分量大小范围为-0.36~0.61 m/s,南北向流速大小范围为-0.59~0.39 m/s.涨急、落急和落憩,流速分量在垂向上变化均不大;涨憩时,表、中、底层流速存在显著差异.② 涨急、涨憩,从表层至底层,盐度随着水深的增加而增大,温度随着水深的增加而减小;落憩,温度在中层达到最大;落急,水体出现显著的密度跃层.③ 该站位表层水体的N均较小,基本在10-3 s-1量级,水体垂向混合较好;中、下层水体的N出现10-2 s-1量级,混合相对较弱.④ 该站位水体垂向混合强度呈现涨、落潮周期变化：涨急、涨憩,Ri范围在10-2 ~101量级,混合较好;落急,Ri在中下层水体出现102量级,水体出现显著层化;落憩,整个水体的Ri大部分都小于临界值0.25,水体混合最充分.
关键词：
长江口外; 羽状流; 浮力频率; 梯度 Richardson数; 混合; 层化
中图分类号： P 731.26
文献标志码： A     

湾流及其邻近海域中尺度涡统计特征分析

为了得到中尺度涡的特征,综合利用1993-2012年共20a的卫星高度计资料及Argo浮标资料等,对湾流及其邻近海域的中尺度涡特征进行统计,并采用合成方法对涡的三维结构特征进行分析。结果表明:该海域气旋涡(CE)和反气旋涡(AE)的平均生命史及平均半径十分相近;湾流主体段与延续段的涡动能(EKE)、涡能量密度(EI)和涡度明显大于其他区域,气旋涡平均强度大于反气旋涡;对于生命周期内的长周期涡,半径和EKE的变化幅度较大,EI和涡度的变化较小;涡以西向移动为主,平均移速3.2cm/s;长周期气旋涡和反气旋涡均具有向赤道移动的特征;在垂直剖面上,气旋涡(反气旋涡)存在2个温度负(正)异常结构和上下2个盐度负(正)异常结构,涡对海水温盐的垂向影响可达1km以上。     

Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean

The overturning circulation of the ocean plays an important role in modulating the Earth's climate. But whereas the mechanisms for the vertical transport of water into the deep ocean--deep water formation at high latitudes--and horizontal transport in ocean currents have been largely identified, it is not clear how the compensating vertical transport of water from the depths to the surface is accomplished. Turbulent mixing across surfaces of constant density is the only viable mechanism for reducing the density of the water and enabling it to rise. However, measurements of the internal wave field, the main source of energy for mixing, and of turbulent dissipation rates, have typically implied diffusivities across surfaces of equal density of only approximately 0.1 cm2 s(-1), too small to account for the return flow. Here we report measurements of tracer dispersion and turbulent energy dissipation in the Brazil basin that reveal diffusivities of 2-4 cm2 s(-1) at a depth of 500 m above abyssal hills on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and approximately 10 cm2 s(-1) nearer the bottom. This amount of mixing, probably driven by breaking internal waves that are generated by tidal currents flowing over the rough bathymetry, may be large enough to close the buoyancy budget for the Brazil basin and suggests a mechanism for closing the global overturning circulation.     

Response of water budget to recent climatic changes in the source region of the Yellow River

Discharge in the source region of the Yellow River significantly declined after 1990.China Meteorological Administration(CMA) data show that precipitation in this region was low in the 1990s but returned to above normal after 2002;in recent decades there has been rapid warming of surface air,moistening and wind speed decrease.To investigate the influences of recent climatic changes on the water budget,this study simulates the surface water budget at CMA stations within and surrounding the source region during 1960-2006,using an improved land surface model.Results indicate that the spatial pattern of precipitation change is an important factor(except for precipitation amount and intensity) in determining the response of runoff to precipitation changes.Low runoff in the 1990s was consistent with precipitation amount and intensity.The recovery of precipitation after 2002 is mainly from increased precipitation in the dry area of the source region.Evaporation was mainly limited by water availability in this dry area,and thus most of the precipitation increase was evaporated.By contrast,energy availability was a more important influence on evaporation in the wet area.There was more evaporation in the wet area because of rapid warming,although precipitation amount partly decreased and partly increased,contributing to the reduction of runoff after 2002.This control on evaporation and its response,together with the modified spatial pattern of precipitation,produced a water budget unfavorable for runoff generation in the source region during recent years.     

Analysis of deep-layer and bottom circulations in the South China Sea based on eight quasi-global ocean model outputs

This study is a preliminary analysis of the South China Sea (SCS) deep circulations using eight quasi-global high-resolution ocean model outputs. The goal is to assess models’ ability to simulate these deep circulations. The analysis reveals that models’ deep temperatures are colder than the observations in the World Ocean Atlas, while most models’ deep salinity values are higher than the observations, indicating models’ deep water is generally colder and saltier than the reality. Moreover, there are long-term trends in both temperature and salinity simulations. The Luzon Strait transport below 1500 m is 0.36 Sv when averaged for all models, smaller compared with the observation, which is about 2.5 Sv. Four assimilated models and one unassimilated (OCCAM) display that the Luzon deep-layer overflow reaches its minimum in spring and its maximum in winter. The vertically integrated streamfunctions below 2400 m from these models show a deep cyclonic circulation in the SCS on a large scale, but the pattern is different from the diagnostic streamfunction from the U.S Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model (GDEM-Version 3.0, GDEMv3). The meridional overturning structure above 1000 m is similar in all models, but the spatial distribution and intensity below 1500 m are quite different from model to model. Moreover, the meridional overturning below 2400 m in these models is weaker than that of the GDEMv3, which indicates a deep vertical mixing process in these models is biased weak. Based on the above evaluation, this paper discusses the impacts of T/S initial value, topography, and mixing scheme on the SCS deep circulations, which may provide a reference for future model improvement.     

福建省山仔水库水体季节性分层特征研究

对福建省敖江流域山谷型的山仔水库2005年水温和水化学(DO、pH、总溶解性磷质量浓度)进行监测,结果表明:山仔水库的水温在3-11月之间保持稳定分层,在夏季形成明显分层,这种温度分层结构有效限制了上下水团的混合,形成显著的水体溶解氧分层,特别是夏季由于有机物的消耗,在沉积物-水界面形成厌氧层;12月至次年1-2月随着水体表层气温的急剧下降,水体分层结构失稳,水库上下层水体垂直交替,底部厌氧释放的还原性物质被带入上层湖水,说明水温季节性的分层对山仔水库水质的变化起重要作用.     

东海PN断面障碍层和水团的季节变化特征及其可能联系

本文利用PN断面的高分辨率海水温-盐-深剖面测量仪(CTD)温度、盐度和密度资料进行分析,发现PN断面处的水团有明显的陆架水和黑潮水的交汇特征,且随着季节的变化PN断面处的水团特征也发生明显的变化.通过观测资料还确定了PN断面处障碍层是常年存在的而且具有显著的季节变化.采用曲线族拟合的水团分析方法,根据不同季节PN断面上陆架水和黑潮水的混合特征,证明了水团混合在障碍层形成及季节变化中的重要作用,发现障碍层的季节变化与陆架水团和黑潮水团混合的季节变化密切相关.夏季,陆架水团向外海延伸,浮置于黑潮水之上,此时障碍层深度最浅,障碍层厚度最大;秋季,黑潮水离岸最近,将黑潮水与陆架水的交汇处向西压迫至陆架内,此时几乎不存在障碍层,零星存在的障碍层深度较深,厚度是一年当中最薄的;冬季,由于黑潮水的核心相对于秋季向深海移动,使得陆架混合水也相应地向外海拓展,而且此时陆架水与黑潮水的交汇处不只在混合层内而是影响到跃层,此季节障碍层是一年当中深度最深,厚度最厚的;春季,黑潮水的核心以及两种水团的交汇处相对于冬季的位置更向深海移动,所以此时PN断面上的障碍层深度和厚度相对于冬季变化不大,只是位置东移.海面风场和净热通量场通过改变...     

Influences of the surface wave-induced mixing and tidal mixing on the vertical temperature structure of the Yellow and East China Seas in summer

After a classification of the physical processes which affect the vertical mixing, diffusivity induced by the surface wave momentum and tidal currents and its influence on the vertical temperature structure are discussed. Based on three mixing schemes, the vertical temperature structure of the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS) is simulated. Results show that in summer, the surface wave-induced mixing plays a key role in forming the upper mixed layer in the YECS. The tidal mixing controls the lower layers within 30 m above the bottom, which is the main factor in forming the platform-shaped temperature structure in the southern Yellow Sea (YS). Together with the strong surface wave-induced mixing, the tidal mixing makes the thermocline ventilate near the east coast of the southern YS. The double cold cores in the deeper layers of the East China Sea have different causes. The western one is the maintenance of the winter cold water, while the eastern one is configured by circulation. The simulated vertical temperature structure of the YECS with the surface wave-induced mixing and tidal mixing has similar features to the observations, which indicates that these mixing processes are key factors in simulating the thermocline and pycnocline of the coastal oceans.     

Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation in the western North Pacific typhoon frequency

Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) and the western North Pacific typhoon number (WNPTN) in the interannual variability is examined in this research. The WNPTN is correlated with the AAO in June-July-August-September (JJAS) in 1949-1998 at -0.48 for the detrended time series, statistically significant at 99% level. The tropical atmospheric circulation as well as the sea surface temperature variability over the western Pacific associated with AAO has been analyzed. It follows that a positive phase of JJAS AAO corresponds to the larger magnitude of the vertical zonal wind shear, the anomalous low-lever anticyclonic circulation and anomalous high-level cyclonic circulation, and lower sea surface temperature in the major typhoon genesis region in the western North Pacific, thus providing unfavorable environment for the typhoon genesis, and vice versa.     

A short-term sink for atmospheric CO2 in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Large-scale features of ocean circulation, such as deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, are known to regulate the long-term physical uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere by moving CO2-laden surface waters into the deep ocean. But the importance of CO2 uptake into water masses that ventilate shallower ocean depths, such as subtropical mode waters of the subtropical gyres, are poorly quantified. Here we report that, between 1988 and 2001, dissolved CO2 concentrations in subtropical mode waters of the North Atlantic have increased at a rate twice that expected from these waters keeping in equilibrium with increasing atmospheric CO2. This accounts for an extra 0.4-2.8 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) over this period (that is, about 0.03-0.24 Pg C yr(-1)), equivalent to 3-10% of the current net annual ocean uptake of CO2 (ref. 3). We suggest that the lack of strong winter mixing events, to greater than 300 m in depth, in recent decades is responsible for this accumulation, which would otherwise disturb the mode water layer and liberate accumulated CO2 back to the atmosphere. However, future climate variability (which influences subtropical mode water formation) and changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation (leading to a return of deep winter mixing events) may reduce CO2 accumulation in subtropical mode waters. We therefore conclude that, although CO2 uptake by subtropical mode waters in the North Atlantic--and possibly elsewhere--does not always represent a long-term CO2 sink, the phenomenon is likely to contribute substantially to interannual variability in oceanic CO2 uptake.     

Investigating different bio-responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Haitang using Argo and satellite data

The responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Haitang in July 2005 are investigated using Argo float and multiplatform satellite data. The results show decreasing sea surface temperature （SST）, a deepening of the mixed layer depth （MLD）, and enhanced Chloro- phyll-a （Chl-a） concentration. Two extreme cool regions are identified. While the magnitude of SST cooling in the two regions is similar, the biological response （Chl- a enhancement） differs. To facilitate comparisons, the region to the northeast of Taiwan is defined as region A and the region east of Taiwan as region B. Ekman pumping and the intrusion of the Kuroshio play an important role in the enhancement of Chl-a in region A. Cold eddies provide the material source for the forma- tion of the cold center in region B, where mixing is dominant. Because of the relatively high translation speed （5 m/s） in region B, Ekman pumping has little influence on the cooling and Chl-a enhancement pro- cesses. Moreover, the MLD is shallower than the nutri- cline, which means that mixing does not result in a marked increase in nutrients in the euphotic layer （where the nutrient concentration is uniformly depleted）. Sea temperatures, in contrast, gradually decrease with depth below the bottom of the mixed layer. In contrast toregion A, region B showed no significant enhancement of Chl-a but strong SST cooling.     

The effect of advection on the nutrient reservoir in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre

Though critically important in sustaining the ocean's biological pump, the cycling of nutrients in the subtropical gyres is poorly understood. The supply of nutrients to the sunlit surface layer of the ocean has traditionally been attributed solely to vertical processes. However, horizontal advection may also be important in establishing the availability of nutrients. Here we show that the production and advection of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water introduces spatial and temporal variability in the subsurface nutrient reservoir beneath the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. As the mode water is formed, its nutrients are depleted by biological utilization. When the depleted water mass is exported to the gyre, it injects a wedge of low-nutrient water into the upper layers of the ocean. Contrary to intuition, cold winters that promote deep convective mixing and vigorous mode water formation may diminish downstream primary productivity by altering the subsurface delivery of nutrients.     

2003 vs 2002: A large amplitude wintertime temperature anomaly reversion event and its anomalous atmospheric circulation

It is revealed that there happened a large amplitude wintertime temperature anomaly reversion event (LTAR) in Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions and South Australia for the year 2003 versus 2002, with the most notable change in Eurasia, eastern North America, North Pacific, and South Australia. The accompanying atmospheric general circulation anomalies are analyzed and the dominant changes in the circulation are found out. The anomalous cyclonic eddies over the north Pacific and the anomalous anticyclonic eddies over North Europe that cooperate each other are mostly linked with the event. Both anomalous eddy systems are connected with the remote teleconnection patterns respectively. The research also suggests the existence of a cross-equator teleconnection pattern, namely, the Northern Pacific-Western Pacific-Australia teleconnection pattern (NPWPA). It is not only related to LTAR, but also associated with the temperature transition from cold episode to warm episode in the year 2003 versus 2002 during December-January-February.     

Mid-depth recirculation observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger seas by direct velocity measurements

The Labrador Sea is one of the sites where convection exports surface water to the deep ocean in winter as part of the thermohaline circulation. Labrador Sea water is characteristically cold and fresh, and it can be traced at intermediate depths (500-2,000 m) across the North Atlantic Ocean, to the south and to the east of the Labrador Sea. Widespread observations of the ocean currents that lead to this distribution of Labrador Sea water have, however, been difficult and therefore scarce. We have used more than 200 subsurface floats to measure directly basin-wide horizontal velocities at various depths in the Labrador and Irminger seas. We observe unanticipated recirculations of the mid-depth (approximately 700 m) cyclonic boundary currents in both basins, leading to an anticyclonic flow in the interior of the Labrador basin. About 40% of the floats from the region of deep convection left the basin within one year and were rapidly transported in the anticyclonic flow to the Irminger basin, and also eastwards into the subpolar gyre. Surprisingly, the float tracks did not clearly depict the deep western boundary current, which is the expected main pathway of Labrador Sea water in the thermohaline circulation. Rather, the flow along the boundary near Flemish Cap is dominated by eddies that transport water offshore. Our detailed observations of the velocity structure with a high data coverage suggest that we may have to revise our picture of the formation and spreading of Labrador Sea water, and future studies with similar instrumentation will allow new insights on the intermediate depth ocean circulation.     

Distribution and identification of the low-velocity layer in the northern South China Sea

The low-velocity layer (LVL), closely related with tectonic activities and dynamic settings, has always been a hot topic in the deep crustal structure studies. The deep seismic (OBS/OBH) and onshore-offshore experiments have been extensively implemented in the northern South China Sea (SCS) since the 1990s. Six seismic profiles were finished on the northern margin of SCS by domestic and international cooperations. The features of crustal structures were revealed and five velocity-inversion layers were discovered. Among them three LVLs with 3.0—3. 5 km·s-1 velocity are located in the sedimentary structure (2.0—6.0 km in depth and 2.0—4. 6 km in thickness) of the Yinggehai Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin. They were identified by the reflective and refractive phases for their shallow depth. The other two LVLs with 5.5—6.0 km·s-1 velocity generally existed in the middle crust (7.0—18.0 km in depth) with an about 2.5—6.0 km thickness in the transitional crustal structure of the northeastern and northwestern SCS. They were detected by the refractive phase from their overlain and underlying layers. We explored the possible tectonic formation mechanisms combining with previously reported results, which provided evidence for the formation and evolution of SCS.     

防城港湾以西海域水体输运及其机制研究

为了探究防城港湾外海域的水体输运方式及机制，本文对历史调查数据及最新的海流调查资料的海流玫瑰图进行分析，结果发现：防城港湾以西海域的水体输运，冬季为反气旋式环流控制，水体输运主要为NE向；夏季为沿岸入海径流、气旋涡控制，水体输运主要为WSW向。春季和秋季，表层水体输运主要为WSW向，中层以下水体输运为NE向。风对表层流的影响较明显，夏季西南季风造成沿岸水的堆积产生正压梯度力使表层水体往西南向输运，但不起主导作用。中层以下主要受北部湾北部气旋式、反气旋式两种不同形式的环流控制。除此之外，琼州海峡西向流、入海径流、地形等对水体输运也产生重要的作用。     

水淹层混合地层水宏观俘获截面逐层计算方法

 清污水交替注入型水淹层混合地层水矿化度变化较大.在进行脉冲中子类过套管剩余油饱和度测井解释时,地层水矿化度的多变性将导致地层水宏观俘获截面这一重要参数不易确定.对研究区块水淹层混合地层水的水型和矿化度进行了分析,分析结果表明不同小层间混合地层水矿化度变化较大,因而逐层计算混合地层水宏观俘获截面十分必要.本文以脉冲中子-中子测井评价为例,构建原始含油饱和度解释模型,对地层流体宏观俘获截面进行信息提取,提出了利用动静态测井资料确定混合地层水宏观俘获截面的方法.植入解释程序后,该方法可对同一解释层内水淹程度不一致的地方,分别计算出混合地层水宏观俘获截面.计算过程较好地考虑了层间差异性,提高了计算结果准确性,为利用动静态测井资料联合法对清污混注水淹层进行定量评价提供了思路.     

Neodymium isotopes distribution and transport in the central North Pacific deep water

Radiogenic Neodymium (Nd) isotopes in the central North Pacific deep water have been generally interpreted as reflecting Pacific arcs input according to previous studies, while little is known about the specific path and mode of radiogenic Nd from these arcs to deep water. In this study, Nd isotopic data from surface scrapings of 17 Fe-Mn crusts from the central North Pacific deep water (around 20°N) have been reported. Based on these data together with recently published data on dissolved Nd isotopes in seawater for this region, we propose that radiogenic Nd isotopes in North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW 300–800 m) from the western Pacific margin is an important source for the central North Pacific deep water, while the surface water of this area has little influence on dominating deep water Nd isotopes. Such a view emphasizes the role of vertical mixing and advection of the marginal ocean currents in balancing Nd isotopes in central North Pacific deep water, and helps to understand oceanic Nd cycling. Moreover, the values of ε _Nd from surface scrapings of Fe-Mn crusts are relatively homogenous, with an average value of about −3.4, which is higher than that of modern seawater (∼−3.9). This difference over short time scales reflects the quick evolution of Nd isotopes in central North Pacific deep water.     

天山北麓一例黑风暴天气的成因

利用常规观测资料、地面气象自记记录和静止气象卫星云图资料对1998-04-18由南支冷锋爆发性发展生成的干飑线触发的天山北麓黑风暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：强沙尘暴和黑风暴过境时风、压、温、湿在短时间内出现突变,跃变幅度黑风暴远大于强沙尘暴,黑风暴嵌于强沙尘暴时变化幅度比强沙尘暴弱。沙尘壁具有等温性,水平厚度4～9km。影响黑风暴的天气因素中,地面大风形成主要源于冷锋的加强和锋后强冷平流,高空急流的加强及其形成的次级环流使高空动量有效下传到地面则是另一个重要原因。混合层是有利于黑风暴在干旱环境形成的大气层结特征,这次过程深厚混合层的形成是深厚干对流和黑风暴产生的主要原因,而它的形成则是长时间地面加热的结果。