胰岛素增敏剂对卵巢颗粒细胞胰岛素抵抗的调控作用

以人工诱导卵巢颗粒细胞胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)细胞模型,观察细胞内关键信号分子的表达以及胰岛素增敏剂的体外作用。通过沃曼青霉素(Wortmannin,WT)特异性地抑制胰岛素传导途径中磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI-3K)通路,作用于体外培养的猪卵巢颗粒细胞48h后,再加入曲格列酮、二甲双胍、小檗碱、隐丹参酮48h,观察对IR的改善情况。以葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量,以蛋白印记法(Western Blot)、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和实时荧光PCR法,检测葡萄糖转运蛋白4(Glut4)、丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)、核转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)表达。结果表明:胰岛素糖代谢途径被WT阻滞,IR细胞对培养基中葡萄糖的摄取明显抑制。二甲双胍、小檗碱和隐丹参酮,都能使葡萄糖摄取增加,但稍逊于曲格列酮。IR细胞的Glut4的表达下降,MAPK和PPAR-γ表达升高;胰岛素增敏剂可以部分逆转IR细胞的上述信号蛋白的表达异常,以曲格列酮作用最为显著。总之,WT阻断PI-3K途径产生IR,胰岛素增敏剂能改善IR,隐丹参酮和小檗碱增敏的作用类似二甲双胍,而曲格列酮作用最为显著。     

甘草次酸、水飞蓟宾对体外培养的胰岛素抵抗猪卵巢颗粒细胞的影响

 多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者往往伴有卵巢细胞的胰岛素抵抗及激素水平的异常,胰岛素增敏剂能够缓解PCOS患者的症状。本研究利用地塞米松诱导的猪体外卵巢颗粒细胞胰岛素抵抗,探讨中药单体甘草次酸及水飞蓟宾作为胰岛素增敏剂对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞异常激素分泌的改善情况,从而阐明中药单体的疗效机制,进而扩大中药单体的临床应用。结果表明,地塞米松作用后,体外培养的猪卵巢颗粒细胞分泌睾酮(T)增加,同时伴有17α羟化酶(CYP17)mRNA表达量的上调,AMPK(一磷酸腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶)mRNA表达降低,芳香化酶(P450arom)变化不明显。甘草次酸和水飞蓟宾都能够通过提高AMPK mRNA的表达水平,降低胰岛素抵抗颗粒细胞的雄激素分泌能力及CYP17 mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,中药甘草次酸和水飞蓟宾显著抑制了胰岛素抵抗细胞过高的雄激素分泌能力。卵巢细胞AMPK途径的激活可能是中药胰岛素增敏剂治疗PCOS高雄激素血症的途径之一。     

卵泡膜细胞的胰岛素抵抗对其雄激素合成的影响以及胰岛素增敏剂的调控机制

为探索卵泡膜细胞人工诱导胰岛素抵抗后其雄激素合成的变化,以及胰岛素增敏剂曲格列酮、二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗卵泡膜细胞的调控作用,采用猪卵巢内卵泡膜细胞进行体外培养,地塞米松诱导,构建胰岛素抵抗的细胞模型,用曲格列酮和二甲双胍分别处理模型细胞,检测培养液中葡萄糖和激素水平的变化以及胰岛素信号分子和雄激素合成关键酶的mRNA表达变化.结果表明:卵巢内卵泡膜细胞发生胰岛素抵抗后能明显增进其雄激素合成能力:曲格列酮、二甲双胍均能降低胰岛素抵抗的卵泡膜细胞的糖代谢异常和雄激素水平.     

增敏剂对多元惰性铬(Ⅲ)显色配合物的影响——Ⅰ.〈铬(Ⅲ)—铬天青S—增敏剂〉体系

比较了多种增敏剂对铬(Ⅲ)与铬天青S的显色反应的增敏效应,并考虑利用铬(Ⅲ)配合物的动力学惰性以提高显色反应的选择性。本文提出了“铬(Ⅲ)—铬天青S—溴化烷基二甲氨基乙酸”体系新的增敏型多元配合物。研究了形成这个体系配合物的最佳条件及配合物的组成。证明增敏剂CDMAA或TDMAA很适于分光光度测定微量铬,具有高灵敏性及选择性。当CDMAA或TDMAA用作增敏剂时,摩尔吸光系数分别为1.56×10~5或1.88×10~5。这两个增敏剂的增敏效应高于以前已见诸报导的各种增敏剂。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铅时增效剂的选择

采用无机酸、表面活性剂、无机盐以及有机酸作为增敏剂时火焰原子吸收法测铅元素吸光度的增敏效应进行试验,得出0．8（瞄硝酸铜在同等条件下对铅的增敏效果最好的结论,并借此探讨各增敏剂的增敏机理．     

电针对多囊卵巢综合征模型系统的调控

通过母体高雄环境建立子代雌性大鼠高雄激素血症和胰岛素抵抗模型,探讨针刺对孕期高雄化大鼠的治疗效果以及针刺调节卵巢局部胰岛素信号传导关键分子磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI-3K)和丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK),明确针刺治疗胰岛素抵抗的分子机制。在Wistar雌性大鼠颈背部皮下注射丙酸睾丸酮,连续3d。以其所生雌鼠作为实验对象,观察其体重及动情周期,检测血清性激素,17-羟孕酮(17-OHP)、雄烯二酮(A2)及OGTT试验测血糖、胰岛素水平,然后给予针刺治疗,观察其对生殖与代谢功能的影响。运用免疫组化及蛋白印迹方法,检测骨骼肌和卵巢组织中胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)、胰岛素受体底物-2(IRS-2)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI-3K85)、葡萄糖转运蛋白-4(GLUT4)、细胞外信号激酶-1(ERK-1)和17羟化酶(CYP17)蛋白表达。结果显示:①模型鼠无排卵,高雄、糖耐量减低,胰岛素抵抗;②针刺可以恢复动情周期,降低体重,降低LH、17-OHP、A2、T水平,升高E2水平;降低OGTT试验1h血糖水平,降低空腹和1h胰岛素水平,降低HOMA指数;③骨骼肌和卵巢局部产生胰岛素抵抗后,相应的IRS-1、IRS-2、PI-3K85和GLUT4的蛋白表达下降,ERK-1、CYP17的表达升高;针刺能逆转蛋白的异常表达。由此得出以下结论:①孕期注射丙酸睾丸酮,所生子代雌鼠有生殖和代谢异常,符合PCOS患者临床特征;②针刺能够降低雄激素,降低血糖,提高胰岛素敏感性,降低体重;③针刺能够调节模型动物骨骼肌和卵巢局部胰岛素信号传导蛋白表达和卵巢局部雄激素合成酶表达。     

口服降血糖药的研究进展

综述了临床研究开发的几种口服降血糖药的新进展，包括磺酰脲类、双胍类、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、胰岛素增敏剂、瑞格列奈等药物．     

放射增敏剂的研究进展

文内综述了化学增敏剂的实验研究进展,由于放射增敏剂能提高肿瘤的治愈率,因此得到国内外有关学者的广泛研究     

地塞米松和胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机理

用地塞米松和胰岛素长期作用3T3—L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗，用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮改善胰岛素抵抗，微量化GOD=POD法检测培养基中残存的葡萄糖，并检测细胞中葡萄糖转运子G1ut4基因和蛋白及胰岛素信号传递元件IRS—1的基因变化．探讨了地塞米松和胰岛素诱导3T3—L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗的机理．结果发现：①地塞米松和胰岛素诱导3T3—L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗，细胞对葡萄糖的摄取减少．罗格列酮改善抵抗后，葡萄糖的摄取较抵抗组增加．②抵抗时，葡萄糖转运子G1ut4基因和蛋白水平明显降低，改善后基因表达上调显著，蛋白水平升高，介于正常对照组与抵抗组之间．②IRS-1在抵抗时下调，用罗格列酮改善后，IRS—1的基因水平无明显变化．     

辐射增敏剂的分子轨道研究

1921年H.Holthusen发现,如果在有氧存在的条件下照射,就能提高生物的辐射敏感性.从那以后,氧便成为广泛研究的辐射增敏剂.对于处在低氧状态的肿瘤,使用高压氧吸入治疗,往往难于达到预期的效果,这可能是由于氧不易到达肿瘤的中央部位.近年来,对于低氧细胞的增敏剂的研究开始盛行起来. 首先是发现N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM)对于低氧状态的E.Coli B/r有增敏作用,后来又发现了含有—NO基的化合物和其他一系列的低氧增敏剂.1963年,Adams和Derrey认为低氧细胞的增敏效率与以单个电子还原电位值所表示的药物的电子亲和性之间有相关关系.1969年,Adams和Cooke提出亲电子增敏作用的模型,他们认为,增敏     

基因芯片研究小檗碱对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞基因表达的影响

应用基因芯片技术研究小檗碱对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞基因表达谱的影响。方法采用胰岛素信号转导通路调节糖代谢的关键分子——PI-3K的特异性阻断剂沃漫青霉素作用于猪卵巢颗粒细胞,人工诱导胰岛素抵抗(IR)的细胞模型;同时应用小檗碱作用在细胞模型上,作用48h后提取细胞总RNA,应用猪全基因组单通道芯片对样本基因进行筛查,得出差异表达基因数据并进行分析。结果显示,中药小檗碱作用模型细胞后差异表达基因42个。差异表达基因主要涉及的功能有:物质代谢、炎症与免疫反应、信号转导等。由此可得出结论:小檗碱可通过多种途径在基因水平上对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞起作用。     

胰岛素介导的脉冲电场对细胞信号传递的影响

使用胞间信号分子介导方式探究了电磁场生物效应的机制.运用含有脉冲电场处理的胰岛素的培养液培养细胞,使用免疫标记法检测了细胞内的酪氨酸磷酸化水平,并用基因芯片检测了细胞基因表达水平.结果发现,含有电场处理的胰岛素的培养液培育细胞30min以后,该组细胞的酪氨酸磷酸化水平比对照组低10.33%,表明胰岛素携带的脉冲电场的信息跨膜传入了细胞内.用该培养液培育细胞68h后,发现在人类已知的12000个基因中,有55个基因表达发生极其明显的变化.其中某些基因与胰岛素的胞内信号通路密切相关,另一些基因表达的变化与已经发现的胰岛素介导的脉冲电场对细胞增殖的抑制作用相吻合.     

植物激素脱落酸的药理作用与药用前景

综述脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)在人和动物细胞中的存在和分泌、对各种组织细胞的作用及其信号途径等方面的研究进展.从海绵动物到多种哺乳动物的各种白细胞、胰岛细胞和干细胞等都能产生或分泌ABA,通过激活质膜上的G蛋白偶联复合受体,激活细胞内的腺苷二磷酸核糖环化酶,使细胞环腺苷二磷酸核糖升高,从而导致细胞内C...     

PI-3K转导通路在Ⅱ型糖尿病发病机制中作用的研究进展

胰岛素是通过胰岛素信号的转导通路来发挥其调节血糖并且促进其代谢合成的,其中磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（PI-3K）在胰岛素信号转导中起关键性作用,而胰岛素信号转导通路障碍所引起的胰岛素抵抗在Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗中有着至关重要的作用．从胰岛素抵抗的发病机制、影响PI-3K的因素等几个方面综述了PI-3K在Ⅱ型糖尿病发病机制中的作用．     

景天属三种植物药不同提取部位及总黄酮抗肿瘤作用研究

利用MTT法检测景天属三种植物药垂盆草、佛甲草及凹叶景天的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取部位及总黄酮提取物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2、人食管癌细胞株EC109及人结肠癌细胞株SW480的体外增值抑制作用.结果表明,三种植物药的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取部位及总黄酮提取物都有显著的抗肿瘤作用,且各植物药总黄酮提取物的抗肿瘤活性最强.     

Leukocytes express a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein-kinase devoid of an extracellular domain

Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins is a key to the control of diverse pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. The protein-tyrosine kinases described to date are either transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain or cytoplasmic proteins related to the v-src oncogene. Most of these proteins are expressed in a wide variety of cells and tissues; few are tissue-specific. Previous studies have suggested that lymphokines could mediate haematopoietic cell survival through their action on glucose transport, regulated in some cells through the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. We have investigated the possibility that insulin receptor-like genes are expressed specifically in haematopoietic cells. Using the insulin receptor-related avian sarcoma oncogene v-ros as a probe, we have isolated and characterized the complementary DNA of a novel gene, ltk (leukocyte tyrosine kinase). The ltk gene is expressed mainly in leukocytes, is related to several tyrosine kinase receptor genes of the insulin receptor family and has unique structural properties: it apparently encodes a transmembrane protein devoid of an extracellular domain. Two candidate ltk proteins have been identified with antibodies in the mouse thymus, and have properties indicating that they are integral membrane proteins. These features suggest that ltk could be a signal transduction subunit for one or several of the haematopoietic receptors.     

Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on insulin action and development of insulin-induced resistance in C2C12 muscle cells

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a precursor of androgens and estrogens, has been demonstrated to have effect of preventing insulin resistance and development of diabetes mellitus. Administration of testosterone appears to induce a marked insulin resistance. How these two hormones affect insulin resistance through regulation of sensitivity of tissues to insulin deserves further studies. Here, the effects of DHEA and testosterone on response to insulin in C2C12 muscle cells are analyzed. After 24 h of DHEA (10-6 mol/L) treatment, C2C12 cells showed an increased insulin- stimulated glucose uptake and enhanced activities of glycogen synthase (GS), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), whereas testosterone gave the opposite effects. Incubation of C2C12 cells with high-dose insulin (5×10-7 mol/L) for 24 hours decreased their sensitivity to insulin and led to a state of resistance as assessed on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and activities of GS, PFK and PDH. Addition of DHEA to insulin-resistant C2C12 cells could reverse the response of these cells to high-dose insulin, but testosterone could further impair insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant C2C12 cells. These results suggest that the two hormones may influence the development or inhibition of insulin-resistance in type 2 diabetes through regulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis and glycolysis to some extent.     

A chimaeric receptor allows insulin to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor

The cell surface receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) appear to share a common evolutionary origin, as suggested by structural similarity of cysteine-rich regions in their extracellular domains and a highly conserved tyrosine-specific protein kinase domain. Only minor similarity is found outside this catalytic domain, as expected for receptors that have different ligand specificities and generate different biological signals. The EGF receptor is a single polypeptide chain but the insulin receptor consists of distinct alpha and beta subunits that function as an alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric receptor complex. Provoked by this major structural difference in two receptors that carry out parallel functions, we have designed a chimaeric receptor molecule comprising the extracellular portion of the insulin receptor joined to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the EGF receptor to investigate whether one ligand will activate the tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor for the other ligand. We show here that the EGF receptor kinase domain of the chimaeric protein, expressed transiently in simian cells, is activated by insulin binding. This strongly suggests that insulin and EGF receptors employ closely related or identical mechanisms for signal transduction across the plasma membrane.     

Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis

The hormone insulin is stored in secretory granules and released from the pancreatic beta-cells by exocytosis. In the consensus model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP is generated by mitochondrial metabolism, promoting closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the plasma membrane. Subsequently, opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which constitutes the main trigger initiating insulin exocytosis. Nevertheless, the Ca2+ signal alone is not sufficient for sustained secretion. Furthermore, glucose elicits a secretory response under conditions of clamped, elevated [Ca2+]c. A mitochondrial messenger must therefore exist which is distinct from ATP. We have now identified this as glutamate. We show that glucose generates glutamate from beta-cell mitochondria. A membrane-permeant glutamate analogue sensitizes the glucose-evoked secretory response, acting downstream of mitochondrial metabolism. In permeabilized cells, under conditions of fixed [Ca2+]c, added glutamate directly stimulates insulin exocytosis, independently of mitochondrial function. Glutamate uptake by the secretory granules is likely to be involved, as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport suppress the glutamate-evoked exocytosis. These results demonstrate that glutamate acts as an intracellular messenger that couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.