Controllable and switchable capillary adhesion mechanism for bio-adhesive pads: Effect of micro patterns

Some insects and animals, such as bugs, grasshoppers and tree frogs, realize their efficient adhesion mechanism to glass surface, wall and ceiling by injecting a wetting liquid thin film into the pad-substrate contact area. Their ability to control adhesion (attaching or detaching from a surface) is in many cases connected to the contact geometry and surface patterns of their attachment pads. This paper focuses on the dependence of the capillary adhesion (wet adhesion) on the micro patterns of the bio-adhesive pads. The objective is to reveal the possible mechanism for a bio-adhesive pad to control capillary force through adjusting its micro-scale surface pattern and topography. A capillary adhesion force model is built up taking account of the combined role of micro-dimple geometry as well as the wetting behavior of the confined liquid thin film. Calculated results of the apparent contact angle on the regularly micro-dimpled surfaces are compared with and in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Simulation of the capillary adhesion force reveals that it is controllable in a large magnitude by adjusting a dimensionless surface pattern parameter k defined as a/(a+b), where a is the diameter of micro dimple, and (a+b) is the side length of one pattern cell. When adjusting the parameter k more than 0.75, the capillary adhesion force could be switchable from attractive to repulsive. This effect of micro patterns on the interfacial capillary force is proved to be dominant when the pad-substrate clearance decreases to the nano/micrometer scale. These results indicate that a controllable and switchable capillary adhesive mechanism might be utilized by a living insect or animal to realize its stable adhesion and quick releasing movement through adjusting the micro-pattern topography of its bio-adhesive pad. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50575123, 50730007), PPP Project from CSC and DAAD, and German Research Foundation (DFG) (Grant No. SFB622) (Y.H. Liu and S.I.-U. Ahmed)     

Role of locust <Emphasis Type="Italic">Locusta migratoria manilensis</Emphasis> claws and pads in attaching to substrates

The present study attempts to investigate the role of rigid claws and smooth adhesive pads in the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis,when attaching to various substrates.We measured the attachment forces on sandpaper and silicate glass plate of locusts with intact attachment system,and those with either the pretarsal claws or the tarsal pads having been entirely destroyed,to explore the role of pads and claws when a locust is walking on various substrates.To obtain information about morphological characteristics and material properties of the claws,we examined the intact and fractured claws by scanning electron microscopy,and tested the fractural force in a fracture experiment.We proposed a mechanical model for locust climbing on a slanting surface to analyze the conduction and final result of the attachment forces generated by the attachment organs on the fore-,mid-and hindlegs.Attachment forces generated by locusts with destroyed pads were similar to those generated by locusts with intact attachment system on both substrates,which presumably indicated that the claws have a significantly important role when attaching to various substrates.The result of the fracture experiment demonstrated that the claws are made of relatively stiff material,and their shear strength ranged between 39-45 MPa.Mechanical analysis of locust climbing on slanting surface showed that the force generated by the hindlegs suspended the whole body of locust up from the surface and pushed the body forward,while the midlegs steadily suspended the centre of gravity and the forelegs pulled the suspended body forward.The results obtained contribute to the further interpretation of the interaction mechanisms between insect attachment system and substrates,and supply information for designing and manufacturing slippery plates for trapping plague locusts.     

船舶撞击桥墩的非线性有限元数值仿真

基于数值仿真原理,采用非线性有限元软件ANSYS／LS—DYNA对一艘3000t油船撞击桥墩进行仿真计算．考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性和接触非线性,建立了船桥碰撞有限元模型．分析了碰撞过程中能量、速度、碰撞力的变化,并将碰撞力的大小与国内外规范进行了比较．结果表明：最大碰撞力的估算美国规范和沃辛计算值偏大,我国公路规范...     

A wet adhesion inspired biomimetic pad with direction dependence and adaptability

A novel adhesive pad for a climbing robot, inspired by a stick insect’s smooth pad, is proposed. The micro structure pattern and inclined fiber of a stick insect’s pad are mimicked, and an adhesion force is produced based on its wet adhesion mechanism. Firstly, the wet adhesion model is discussed and the pad is designed; secondly, the adhesion characteristics, adhesion direction dependence and adaptability are analyzed; finally, the proposed pad is fabricated using a thermoplastic elastomer, which is a hydrophilic and viscoelastic material. Experimental results show that the adhesion performance of the pad is good, and normal adhesion and friction can reach to 0.65 N and 3 N. Furthermore, the adhesion of the pad is direction dependent and self-adaptive.     

面向刚度曲线的汽车前保险杠缓冲块优化设计

汽车前端结构刚度的合理设计可以有效改善行人保护性能,以刚度曲线为目标,利用结构优化方法对保险杠缓冲块进行了结构优化设计。对某乘用车前保险杠进行冲击实验,建立前保险杠与刚性柱碰撞的有限元模型,对比仿真和实验得到的刚度曲线,验证了有限元模型的准确性。为了使保险杠区域的刚度曲线达到理想刚度曲线的要求,以缓冲块的材料刚度和几何形状作为设计变量,将保险杠刚度曲线与理想刚度曲线所围成的面积最小化作为目标,采用自适应响应面法进行优化求解。结果表明,优化后的材料刚度和几何形状所对应的保险杠刚度曲线与理想刚度曲线比较接近,能够满足行人保护的要求。     

Structural design inspired by beetle elytra and its mechanical properties

On the basis of the microstructure of the cross-section of a beetle’s elytra,three bio-inspired lightweight structures were designed and built from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic with a three-dimensional printer.The mechanical properties of three lightweight structures were analyzed and compared employing the finite element method,and quasi-static compression experiments and a three-point bending test on the structure samples were carried out using an electronic universal testing machine to verify the effectiveness of the finite element method.The results show that all three bio-structures were lightweight and had excellent mechanical properties.In particular,the bio-structure with spherical holes and hollow columns perpendicular to the top and bottom surfaces best imitated the microstructure of the cross-section of the Cybister elytra and had the greatest specific strength/stiffness in compression and bending.Finally,a preliminary optimization design was obtained for this bio-structure to further improve its specific strength and specific stiffness to 31.82 kN m/kg and 108.73 kN m 2 /kg respectively.     

等曲率井眼中钻柱与井壁问接触力分析

建立了等曲率井眼中考虑轴向力和重力的钻柱平衡方程式，采用理论和非线性有限元的方法分析了等曲率井眼中钻柱与井壁之间的接触力。采用牛顿一拉普森方法对非线性有限元方程进行了迭代求解。要保证理论分析的精度，同样需要考虑边界条件。计算结果表明，由于外力的作用，钻柱紧贴于井壁的一侧时，钻柱的刚度对钻柱与井壁间的接触力无影响，此时，井眼曲率越大，钻柱与井壁之间的接触力越大。当外力不足以使钻柱紧贴于井壁的一侧时，钻柱的刚度对钻柱与井壁之间的接触力有影响。与理论分析相比，非线性有限元方法应用范围更广，解的精度更高。     

等曲率井眼中钻柱与井壁间接触力分析

建立了等曲率井眼中考虑轴向力和重力的钻柱平衡方程式,采用理论和非线性有限元的方法分析了等曲率井眼中钻柱与井壁之间的接触力。采用牛顿-拉普森方法对非线性有限元方程进行了迭代求解。要保证理论分析的精度,同样需要考虑边界条件。计算结果表明,由于外力的作用,钻柱紧贴于井壁的一侧时,钻柱的刚度对钻柱与井壁间的接触力无影响,此时,井眼曲率越大,钻柱与井壁之间的接触力越大。当外力不足以使钻柱紧贴于井壁的一侧时,钻柱的刚度对钻柱与井壁之间的接触力有影响。与理论分析相比,非线性有限元方法应用范围更广,解的精度更高。     

6岁儿童股骨有限元模型的建立及股骨颈损伤的仿真分析

基于6岁儿童解剖学结构,对其下肢的CT扫描数据进行三维几何重构,并利用有限元的建模技术建立6岁儿童股骨的三维有限元模型.通过加载弯矩的仿真实验,模拟交通事故中儿童跌倒状态下的股骨受力情况以及所引起的股骨颈骨折.研究结果表明:6岁儿童在交通事故中跌倒瞬时产生较大的股骨与地面接触力,股骨颈外侧应力最大,易出现骨折现象.仿真结果与以往实验结论相符合并与医学结论吻合,从而验证了模型有效.建立的6岁儿童股骨三维有限元模型可以为跌倒所引起的股骨颈骨折损伤生物力学响应提供理论依据.     

客车车架各行驶工况性能研究

将客车在静止和行驶状态下的力学工况分为四种工况。应用ANSYS软件对各工况进行了计算,得出了车架的应力分布和位移变化,全面掌握了车架的结构强度及刚度薄弱部位。得出对客车车架影响最大的行驶状态。得出车架应力分布比重,用以判定车架材料的利用率,为车架优化改进设计提供重要理论数据。     

Strength analysis of reinforced concrete columns with arbitrary cross-section under bieccentric loading

A nu merical method to analyze the failure load of reinforced concrete columns under bieccentric loading is presented. This method takes into account both material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity. The nonlinear constitutive relationships of concrete and steel bars are simulated by some cubic-splines. The derived element stiffness matrices are simple addition of the small-displacement stiffness matrix, geometric stiffness matrix and interaction component matrix. The element model may be used to analyze the ultimate load according to the material strength or stable limits. The formulations of reinforced concrete column elements derived here may also be used for beams or columns with arbitrary cross-section. The standard finite element approach presented in this paper is compatible with other finite element models. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental data.     

滚动直线导轨热变形对接触刚度的影响

以HSR15A滚动直线导轨为研究对象,基于赫兹接触理论,分析了滚动直线导轨在考虑预载和热变形情况下的弹性受力变形,建立了滚动直线导轨结合面变形的几何关系,从而推导出结合面热变形对接触刚度影响的理论模型.通过有限元软件仿真分析了滚动直线导轨在不同垂直载荷下的温度分布,以及热变形对滚动直线导轨刚度的影响规律.分析结果表明:随着垂直载荷的增大,滚动直线导轨上滚道刚度逐渐增大,下滚道刚度逐渐减小,等效刚度也逐渐减小;热变形可以使滚动直线导轨刚度减小,且随着载荷的增加热变形对刚度的影响越来越显著.     

三维复合材料微结构的力学响应分析

复合材料的力学响应数值计算对于多元多向异质体材料微结构的"性能导向型"设计、材料微结构失效的评估与预测具有重要的意义.利用自主开发的材料微观组织结构仿真软件ProDesign构造出三维复合材料微结构的代表性体积单元,通过C语言、Python脚本混合编程的方式,实现对商业有限元软件ABAQUS前处理的二次开发,使之用于复合材料微结构几何模型的建立、材料属性与晶粒取向的赋值、边界条件的定义以及有限元网格的划分,从而有效地实现三维复合材料微结构的细观应力响应计算.     

粗糙机械结合面的接触刚度研究

为准确进行计入粗糙接触界面影响的组合结构动力分析,基于弹塑性理论对具有粗糙表面的长方微元体进行有限元接触分析,给出了根据受力和变形关系计算粗糙表面接触刚度的方法,得到了不同载荷作用下的法向和切向界面接触刚度.计算结果表明:表面形貌造成的接触应力分布不均匀和局部塑性变形导致法向界面接触刚度随着压力的增加先增大后减小,并随着表面粗糙度的增加而降低;切向界面接触刚度随着法向载荷和摩擦系数的增加而增加,随着切向载荷的增加而减小.当切向载荷增加到一定值时,接触界面将由微观滑移转化为宏观滑动,摩擦界面连接失效.     

弹性金属塑料瓦推力轴承热弹流动力润滑分析数值方法

通过建立水电机组分块可倾瓦推力轴承热弹流动力润滑数值模型 ,利用有限元法联立求解三维控制方程组 ,给出了准确的推力轴承润滑分析方法 .在此基础上 ,进一步将数值模型应用于聚四氟乙烯弹性金属塑料瓦推力轴承的润滑分析 ,探讨该新型推力轴承的动力润滑适宜模型和计算方法 .计算结果与已有试验成果比较 ,符合较好 .     

某汽车白车身静态弯曲刚度仿真分析与试验验证

基于某汽车白车身几何模型,建立其有限元分析模型。提出一种白车身静态弯曲刚度解析方法,对白车身进行静态弯曲刚度仿真分析,得到白车身关键点的Z向位移变化量,获取了白车身弯曲变形曲线。同时结合静态弯曲刚度解析方法,得到白车身静态弯曲刚度,并通过试验进行了静态弯曲刚度验证。研究结果表明:白车身静态弯曲刚度有限元分析和试验结果分别为13108.88 N/mm和14421.21 N/mm,相对误差为9.10%,有限元分析和试验结果基本吻合,可以为工程开发人员提供参考。     

钻柱静态变形的有限元分析

描述石油钻柱静态变形的有限元方法．在对钻柱运动进行基本假设的基础上,描述对钻柱进行有限元分析的基本过程,包括考虑几何非线性的势能函数、单元刚度矩阵和外载荷的计算公式、坐标变换等．在有限元方程的求解方面,讨论接触非线性和钻柱大变形问题的迭代处理方法．最后．应用有限元程序的计算结果,分析钻柱在钻头处的侧向力和各种钻井参数的关系。     

弹性横梁支承的可倾瓦推力轴承的静态分析

对推力轴承的周向负荷分配规律及推力瓦的静态工作点进行了研究．建立起系统的平衡方程式，计入了推力盘倾斜及推力瓦支承弹性横梁的影响．定义了可倾瓦的刚度系数，找到了可倾瓦与固定瓦油膜厚度之间的对应关系，从而利用固定瓦的计算结果来求得可倾瓦的静态特性及刚度系数．在Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ迭代法的基础，利用可倾瓦的刚度系数，在Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ迭代法的基础上，利用可倾瓦的刚度系数，求解非线性方程组．结果表明，推力盘的静态倾斜将引起各推力瓦负荷及静态工作点的很大变化．文中的工作可作为推力轴承广义热弹流分析及推力轴承－转子系统动力学研究的参考．     

直线滚动导轨考虑滑块体弹性变形时的刚度计算

本文应用赫兹（Hertz）弹性接触变形理论,以及有限元方法,分析了直线滚动导轨考虑滑块体弹性变形时的工作机理,即物理关系和几何关系,导出了承受垂直载荷时的刚度计算方法,并通过实验验证了本计算方法的有效性.     

1800mm虚拟轧机板形控制性能

定义了评价轧机板形控制性能的六项指标,包括承载辊缝凸度调节域、辊缝横向刚度、板形调控功效曲线、边缘降、辊间接触压力平均幅值和辊间接触压力分布不均匀度.建立了HC,CVC,PC和DSR系列轧机的有限元仿真模型,并从板形控制性能的六项指标方面分析了当前国际上流行的各种机型的特点.