Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen turbulent lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) method with 16 steps detailed chemical kinetics was applied to a lifted turbulent jet flame with H2/N2 fuel issuing into a wide hot coflow of lean combustion products,at temperature of 1045 K and low oxygen concentrations. The chemical reactions were handled by the library function of CHEMKIN which was called by the main program in every time step. Parallel com-putational technology based on message passing interface method (MPI) was used in the simulation. All the cases were run by 12 CPUs on a high performance computer system. Faver-averaged DNS re-sults were obtained by long time averaging the transient profile and compared with the experimental data. The roll-up and evolution of the vortices in jet flame were well captured. The vortices in the same rotating direction attracted each other and those in different rotating directions repulsed each other. Through complex interactions between vortices,the original symmetrical vortex structure could be converted into nonsymmetrical and more complex structures by combination,distortion and splitting of the vortices. The transient profiles of H,OH and H2O mass fraction at 5.76 ms showed the flame structure in jet flame,especially the autoignition regions clearly. The lift-off height was about 9 d―11 d,in agreement with the experimental observation. At the corner point of the flame sheet indicated by OH and H profiles,the combustion was always enhanced by the flame curvature and extended resident time. The profiles of turbulence intensities show that the flames were diffused from the original two outside flame sheets into the core. The DNS results can be considered in developing more accurate and more universal turbulence models.     

Premixed jet flame characteristics of syngas using OH planar laser induced fluorescence

Lean premixed flame characteristics of several typical low calorific value (LCV) syngases (basis CO/H2/CH4/CO2/N2),including bituminous coal,wood residue,corn core,and wheat straw gasification syngas,were investigated using OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology.OH radical distributions within the turbulent flame were measured for different turbulence intensities.Flame structures of syngases were analyzed and characterized with respect to burnt and unburnt regions,flame curvature (sharp cusp),local extinction (holes and penetration),OH reaction layer thickness,wrinkling,and other features,with OH-PLIF instantaneous images and statistical analysis.Results show that H2 content,LCV,and turbulence intensity are the most effective factors influencing the OH radical intensity and thickness of OH radical layers.The bituminous coal gasification syngas with relatively higher LCV and H2 content tends to burn out easily.Through changes in thickness of the OH radical layers and signal intensities,the reaction layer can be compressed by intensifying turbulence and thereby the combustion processes of syngas.     

Conditional moment closure modeling of a lifted turbulent flame

The problems about reacting turbulent flows are made difficult because the rates of reaction of concern are highly nonlinear functions of reactive scalars. The turbu-lence in the flow engenders mixing of non-uniformities in species and temperature, and the rates of this mixing are usually not fast compared with the rates of reaction. As a consequence, large spatial and temporal fluctuations occur in the scalar quantities and efforts to express average rates of reaction in terms of average valu…     

Experimental and LES investigation of flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a combustion vessel

This work presents an experimental and numerical investigation of premixed flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a closed combustion vessel. In the experiment, high-speed schlieren video photography and pressure sensor are used to examine the flame dynamics and pressure transient. In the numerical study, a large eddy simulation （LES） based on a RNG sub-grid approach and a LES combustion model is applied to reproduce experi- mental observations. The effects of four physical phenomena on the burning velocity are considered in the combustion model, and the impact of grid type on the combustion dynamics is examined in the LES calculations. The flame experiences four stages both in experiment and LES calculations with structured and unstructured grids, i.e., spherical flame, finger-shaped flame, flame with its skirt in contact with the sidewalls, and tulip-shaped flame. The flame speed and pressure in the vessel develop with periodical oscillations in both the experiment and LES simulations due to the interaction of flame front with pressure wave. The numerical simulations compare well with the detailed experimental measurements, especially in term of the flame shape and position, pressure build-up, and periodical oscillation behaviors. The LES combustion model is successfully validated against the bench-scale experiment. It is put into evidence that mesh type has an impact to a certain extent on the numerical combustion dynamics, and the LES calculation on structured grid canpredict the flame dynamics and pressure rise more accu- rately than that on unstructured grid with the same mesh resolution. The flame shape is more asymmetrical in the LES on an unstructured grid than that on a structured grid, and both the flame speed and the pressure rise at the later flame stage are underestimated in the LES on the unstructured grid.     

LES investigation of swirl intensity effect on unconfined turbulent swirling premixed flame

A finite reaction rate model is presented as a closure of large eddy simulation （LES） to numerically study an open premixed methane/air swirling flame. The resultant model is firstly validated by comparing with reported data and then employed to investigate the effect of swirling intensity on flow field, flame characteristics and combustion instability of the swirling flame. Three differ- ent swirl numbers are considered. The LES results show that as swirling intensity increases, the vortex entrainment and micro-mixing are enhanced, leading to more lean equivalent ratios at flame front; consequently, higher swirling number causes lower flame temperatures and slower CO oxidization; for all simulated swirl numbers, flame fronts are completely located out of the recirculation zones and anchored at the inner surface of the annular swirling steams; swirl number has a crucial effect on swirling flame extension toward radial and tangential dimensions and then significantly affects streamwise flame length, which is a great influencing factor on combustion instability; vortex-induced disturbance on flame in streamwise plays a critical role in combustion instability.     

四阶紧致格式有限体积法湍流大涡模拟

为准确预测不可压复杂湍流,提出了一种应用于大涡模拟的高精度有限体积法。该方法在非交错网格上数值求解大涡模拟方程,空间离散采用有限体四阶紧致格式,时间推进用四阶Runge-Kutta法,压力速度耦合应用四阶紧致格式的动量插值。通过直接求解顶盖驱动方腔流动和振荡平板上方的流动,证实了该方法具有近四阶精度;并在此基础上,采用动力Smagorinsky亚格子应力模式,成功地完成了充分发展槽道湍流的大涡模拟计算,所得结果与直接数值模拟结果吻合良好。结果表明,该方法是实现高精度湍流大涡数值模拟的一个有效途径。     

应用大涡模拟对水平管道进行流场分析

为了准确描述湍流三维非稳态随机波动这一高度非线性的特性，简述湍流物理现象的特点，引出基于不同角度建模的湍流模型，在理论上对大涡模拟进行分析，并运用并行计算机、FLUENT6．2软件作为计算平台，针对水平管道中两股不同入射速率的流股相互作用下的流场进行大涡模拟数值分析，并与标准模型进行比较．     

低热值气体燃料掺氢火焰稳定性的研究

基于直接数值模拟方法和详细化学反应机理研究了流体动力学不稳定性和热-质扩散不稳定性共同作用下的低热值气体燃料掺氢胞状火焰的发展和演变过程.建立了多组分气体燃料燃烧控制方程,获得了不稳定性作用下的低热值气体燃料掺氢胞状火焰的多种演变形式:胞的分裂、局部熄灭、二次熄灭和再燃.研究结果表明随着燃料中H2的增加,胞状火焰出现的时间提前,火焰胞的幅值增加.随着燃料中CO2的增加,火焰的不稳定性受到抑制.低热值气体燃料掺氢火焰在不稳定时会出现火焰胞的分裂、局部熄灭和再燃等3种动力学形态.胞的二次熄灭只发生在热-质扩散不稳定性较强的稀燃H2/空气火焰中.     

Entropy and its application in turbulence modeling

The entropy concept was introduced into the turbulence modeling strategy in the present work. First, the turbulent boundary-layer was described from the point of energy dissipation. Based on the theoretical analysis and direct numerical simulations, the relationship between the entropy increment and viscosity dissipation was systematically investigated. Then, an entropy function fs was proposed to distinguish the turbulent boundary-layer from the external flow. This function is universal, independent of the inflow conditions or any specific turbulence model. With this function, a new version of delayed-detached-eddy simulation method SDES was constructed and verified with the supersonic boundary-layer flow and the cavity-ramped flow. Initial results showed that this method could successfully avoid the modeled stress depletion problem inherited from the original DES method.     

Zonal Embedded Grids for LES of Self-Sustaining Structures of Wall Turbulence

<正>Introduction With the development of computation fluid dynamic (CFD) and the need for complicated flow simulation, more and more research has been conducted using com-putational grids. For the multi-block structured grids of large eddy simulation (LES) or direct numerical simu-lation (DNS) frames, the local grid refinement method     

Construction Process Control of Large Extra Caissons

The complexity of geotechnical engineering and variability in construction circumstances of large extra caissons make the problem of maintaining appropriate sink attitude quite difficult, especially in keeping sink uniformity and achieving the expected final sink depth. A new construction control method is presented using H∞ theory, considering uncertainties in the mechanics model and external noise in the construction site parameters. The design method of an H∞ controller has consequently been obtained for large extra caissons. Control results using only constructor experiences are compared with simulation results using the H∞ controller for a practical engineering situation, which indicates that the H∞ controller is successful in maintaining sink uniformity, avoiding sink as well as in achieving the expected final sink depth.     

不稳定近地面层湍流的大涡模拟

采用加密网格的大涡模式获取边界层风、温场的高分辨率模拟结果,并据以分析近地面层大气的湍流特性。结果表明,较小的网格尺度使次网格湍流贡献率大为降低,模式计算结果对次网格参数的依赖性减小,边界层整体特征得到更好的反映。同时,模拟出的近地面层通量 廓线关系及湍流速度特征与实际观测结果吻合甚好,表明模式具有反映近地面层平均运动和湍流特性的能力。     

近壁湍流和微颗粒的两相作用及减阻效应

为研究颗粒和近壁湍流的相互作用和流动阻力问题,采用点-力双向耦合模型并结合Lagrange粒子追踪法,对负载颗粒的槽道湍流进行直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS).同时,从含颗粒作用外力项的NavierStokes方程出发,推导颗粒加载湍流的阻力系数表达式.考察较低容积比下粒径小于Kolomogrov尺度的颗粒对湍流结构的调制以及湍流减阻现象,讨论颗粒尺度和数量等加载参数对阻力系数的影响,发现在本研究范围内的细微颗粒对湍流的调制以抑制作用为主,同时产生明显的减阻效应.     

城市冠层植被大气环境特性大涡模拟

 植被通过生物物理过程影响着周围微气候环境,对于城市植被环境流动的研究需要建立合理的植被模型。本研究发展了一套适于模拟植被边界层流动的大涡模拟数值方法,并通过水平均匀模型植被算例对其进行了验证。在此基础上,对空气流过三维非均匀分布钝体元阵列模型植被进行了大涡模拟,并将不同植被数值模型的计算结果与相应的风洞实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,树干部分采用刚性圆柱模拟、树冠用阻力模型的“阻力冠”方法相比于传统的“阻力元”方法能更好反映植被流动的影响。     

涡流发生器对3/4汽车模型风洞流场品质的影响

采用数值计算的方法对3/4开口回流式汽车风洞喷口处的涡流发生器进行了研究.对比研究了三种不同片数的涡流发生器对流场品质的影响.首先采用定常雷诺时均纳维斯托克斯方程求解了流场的定常特性,接着采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对流场的非定常特性进行了研究.并就两种计算方法给予了相应的试验验证.对比计算结果得到涡流发生器可以在一定程度上提高流场均与性,尤其是三片式涡流发生器的工况能较好地拓宽风洞测试区的高流速区域的范围,降低测试区的静压梯度,减小试验段内的湍流度和剪切层内的湍流度,延长测试段内低湍流区的长度,分散流场内的脉动能量,降低低频颤振敏感频率区的能量聚集.     

亚临界雷诺数下圆柱体尾流结构的数值模拟

在典型亚临界雷诺数下,运用基于Smagorinsky亚格子模型的大涡模拟(LES)方法,对均匀来流作用下的圆柱体绕流问题进行三维数值模拟.通过比较基于时间积分的平均积分分量,验证了数值计算结果的准确性,然后分析了尾流区的流场结构,并给出了平均流场以及湍流流场的流场特征.此外,解释了数值结果与早期试验结果间存在微小差异的原因,同时指出回转长度是尾流结构特性中最重要的特征参数.     

DNS of the turbulence modulation by dispersed particles in compressible spatially developing two-phase jets

A new two-way coupled direct numerical simulation (DNS) method is developed to study the turbulence modulation in the compressible and spatial developing particle-laden turbulent jets with higher Reynolds number. The high-resolution solver is performed for the gas phase flow-field and the Lagrangian method is used to trace particles. It is found that the particles with Stokes number of 0.01and 50 advance the evolution of the coherent structures in the flow-field, but the particles with Stokes number of 1 delay it. All particles increase the turbulent kinetic energy and decrease the vorticity thickness, in which the particles with the Stokes number of 1 exhibit the maximum modulation. The jet velocity half-width and the decay of the streamwise mean velocity along the centerline are reduced by particles with Stokes number of 0.01 and 1. The momentum thickness is increased by particles and the larger the Stokes number is, the larger the momentum thickness is.     

泡状流相分布及湍流结构的欧拉-拉格朗日双向耦合数值研究

使用欧拉-拉格朗日双向耦合数值模拟方法对泡状流的相分布及气泡对液相湍流产生的影响做了详细的调查.液相的速度场采用直接数值模拟方法求解,气泡的运动轨迹由牛顿运动方程计算.相间的耦合是把相间作用力作为液相动量方程的源相来实现的,所考虑的相间作用力有阻力、剪切升力、惯性力等.研究表明:阻力、浮力、剪切升力和虚拟质量力对气泡的运动具有重要影响,大量的气泡在剪切升力的作用下聚集在壁面附近;与单液体相相比,气泡的加入使液相的平均速度、湍流强度和雷诺应力均有一定幅度的降低,而且气泡的加入修改了阻力系数公式.     

自然通风条件下炼钢厂煤气泄漏扩散研究

为评估炼钢厂中突发煤气泄漏的后果,通过建立二维简化平面模型,采用LES湍流模型对煤气在厂区的泄露扩散过程进行了数值模拟,得到了CO浓度随时空的分布规律.计算结果表明,在泄露过程中,泄漏口近的CO浓度分布比较集中;泄漏停止后,在自然风的作用下CO浓度并不能很快降低,而是呈现一个平缓的发展过程.本结果对突发煤气泄漏的报警和预案的制定有一定参考价值.     

光滑和粗糙明槽湍流流动结构分析

采用大涡模拟方法和Ｓｍａｇｏｒｉｎｓｋｙ及Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ亚格子（ＳＧＳ）模拟数值计算了光滑及粗糙明槽湍流运动。以槽高为参考长度和来流平均流速为参考速度的雷诺数分别为３０００、２２８００和１０＾５,数值离散方法为有限体积法,自由面处理使用了简单的刚盖假定,固壁面采用了壁函数。与低雷诺数直接模拟和物理实验结果相比,本文数模呈现了良好的预测结果,也揭示了自由面附近不同于固壁的湍流结构。