风沙流/沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测

 风沙流与沙尘暴是发生在高雷诺数大气边界层中的气固两相流,对风沙流与沙尘暴的深入认识、准确预报和科学防治都要基于对风沙运动规律的认知和把握,因而需要借鉴高雷诺数湍流的研究成果。本文综述了高雷诺数壁湍流和风沙流/沙尘暴研究的现状,着重介绍了在中国民勤地区建立的沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测站,以及基于观测站的观测列阵所获得的初步成果,展望了进一步的发展方向。     

Petrology and thermal structure of the Hawaiian plume from Mauna Kea volcano

There is uncertainty about whether the abundant tholeiitic lavas on Hawaii are the product of melt from peridotite or pyroxenite/eclogite rocks. Using a parameterization of melting experiments on peridotite with glass analyses from the Hawaii Scientific Deep Project 2 on Mauna Kea volcano, I show here that a small population of the core samples had fractionated from a peridotite-source primary magma. Most lavas, however, differentiated from magmas that were too deficient in CaO and enriched in NiO (ref. 2) to have formed from a peridotite source. For these, experiments indicate that they were produced by the melting of garnet pyroxenite, a lithology that had formed in a second stage by reaction of peridotite with partial melts of subducted oceanic crust. Samples in the Hawaiian core are therefore consistent with previous suggestions that pyroxenite occurs in a host peridotite, and both contribute to melt production. Primary magma compositions vary down the drill core, and these reveal evidence for temperature variations within the underlying mantle plume. Mauna Kea magmatism is represented in other Hawaiian volcanoes, and provides a key for a general understanding of melt production in lithologically heterogeneous mantle.     

矿尘痕量元素在飘积土和地面土中的分布和识别

研究了黄铁矿采矿场12种矿样与采矿场附近降尘累积土(飘积土)和地面土中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mo、Ni、Pb、Tl、Ba和Se的分布.将土壤学中元素比的概念引入痕量元素溯源,提出元素相似比和相似度2个概念,结合元素相关性识别飘积土和地面土中的来自矿尘的痕量元素.结果表明,在2.0～16.0 cm的飘积表土和地面表土中,大部分痕、微量元素的最低值均低于其背景值(<1 km地面土中Pb和>1 km地面土中Cd和Co除外),而平均值和最高值均高于背景值(飘积土中的Cu、Se的平均值、<1 km地面土中Cr、>1 km地面土中Cu和上述全部样品中的Ba除外).在18.0～36.0 cm的飘积心土和地面心土中,大部分痕、微量元素的最低值和平均值均高于背景值(飘积心土的Co、Cu、Se和>1 km地面心土Pb、Cu、Ba除外).痕、微量元素呈亚层积聚特征.同时,相关系数r>0.2的矿样元素,与飘积土和地面土至少有1个相似度>0.5的元素相似比,相关系数r≥0.54的矿样元素,与飘积土和地面土有2个以上相似度>0.5的元素相似比.据此可识别飘积土和地面土中的来自矿尘的痕量元素.     

Transient high temperatures in mantle plume heads inferred from magnesian olivines in Phanerozoic picrites

Both scaled laboratory experiments and numerical models of terrestrial mantle plumes produce 'balloon-on-a-string' structures, with a bulbous head followed by a stem-like tail. Discussions have focused on whether their initial upwelling heads are hotter than the tails or cooler, as a result of entrainment of ambient mantle during ascent, and also on whether initial plume upwelling is a newtonian or non-newtonian process. The temperature of the mantle delivered to the base of the lithosphere is a critical parameter in such debates. Dry continental magmas can normally contribute little to this topic because their hottest (ultramafic) examples can be expected to be trapped, owing to their density, beneath the Moho. Here we report a rare case in which olivine (with 93.3% forsterite; Mg2SiO4) phenocrysts, precipitated from an unerupted komatiitic melt (approximately 24% MgO) of the Tristan mantle plume head 132 Myr ago, were carried to upper-crust levels in northwest Namibia by less Mg-rich (9.6-18.5% MgO) magmas. We infer that the hidden melt, generated when the plume impinged on the base of the lithosphere, originated in the mantle with a potential temperature of approximately 1,700 degrees C. This is approximately 400 degrees C above ambient and much hotter than the temperatures previously calculated for steady-state Phanerozoic mantle plumes. Published data show that the same conclusion can be reached for the initial Iceland and Galapagos plumes.     

高能不等核碰撞中的参与者数和二元核子核子碰撞数

采用核核碰撞的Glauber模型,给出了高能d核与Au核在不同对心碰撞中的参与者数与二元核子核子碰撞数,所得结果与RHIC PHOBOS合作组给出的结果相吻合.     

Reykjanes "V"-shaped ridges originating from a pulsing and dehydrating mantle plume

Prominent crustal lineations straddle the Reykjanes ridge, south of Iceland (Fig. 1). These giant V-shaped features are thought to record temporal variations in magma production at the Reykjanes ridge axis, associated with along-axis flow of Icelandic plume material. It has been proposed that this flow is channelled preferentially along the ridge axis, and that temporal variability is induced by fluctuations of the Iceland plume itself or, alternatively, by relocations of the ridge axis on Iceland. Here I present a geodynamic model that predicts the formation of crustal V-shaped ridges from a pulsing and radially flowing mantle plume. In this model, plume pulses produce mantle temperature perturbations that expand away from the plume in all directions beneath the zone of partial melting. The melting zone has a high viscosity owing to mantle dehydration at the onset of partial melting. This high-viscosity region allows for reasonable variations in crustal thickness, produces crustal Vs that extend hundreds of kilometres along the axis, and prevents the plume material from being preferentially channelled along the ridge axis. The angle of the crustal V-shaped features relative to the ridge axis reflects the rate of lateral plume flow, which remains several times greater than the ridge half-spreading rate over the length of a crustal V. Consequently, this radially expanding plume produces lineations in crustal thickness and free-air gravity anomalies that appear to be nearly straight.     

北京城区土壤与灰尘中重金属的健康风险评价

选择北京市城区公园广场、大学校区、商业区和居民小区等市民日常活动区域,采集地表土壤及灰尘样品,分析重金属种类及其浓度。采用单因子指数法和Nemerrow指数法,研究了各功能区不同重金属的污染程度,并采用美国环保总署健康风险评价模型,计算北京市居民经呼吸途径和皮肤接触途径摄入重金属而引起的健康风险。研究结果表明,北京市城区人口活动密集区域地表灰尘重金属污染较为严重,Cu、Pb和Zn质量分数的平均值分别为北京市土壤背景值的2~3倍,其中西单灰尘中Zn的质量分数达528mg/kg,超过背景值9倍以上。健康风险评价模型计算结果表明,人体重金属摄入途径风险大小为：呼吸途径>皮肤接触途径;重金属对人体非致癌风险大小为 Pb>Cu>Zn;在不同功能区之间非致癌风险大小为公园广场>大学校区>居民区>商业区。因非致癌风险指数小于阈值1,所以北京市地表灰尘中的重金属,在目前尚不至引起严重的健康风险。     

上海中心城区道路灰尘中氯代多环芳烃的时空分布特征

选取了上海中心城区的道路灰尘作为研究对象, 运用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)联用技术对道路灰尘中20种氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ClPAHs)进行了检测, 分析了道路灰尘中ClPAHs的时空分布特征和毒性当量(toxic equivalent quantity, TEQ)等. 结果表明, 11种ClPAHs的检出率均大于50%, 说明ClPAHs在上海中心城区道路灰尘中普遍存在. 研究区域内的ClPAHs浓度呈现出明显的季节特征, 即冬季>夏季, 冬季∑ClPAHs浓度最高为24.9 ng/g干重. 在空间分布上, 交通枢纽区浓度最高(冬季为21.2 ng/g干重, 夏季为10.7 ng/g干重), 建筑施工区、商业区次之, 近绿地区最低. 在道路灰尘中最主要的两个组分是6-ClBaP和7-ClBaA. ClPAHs在冬季和夏季的TEQ范围分别为0.01~4.81和0.01~1.78 ng-TEQ/g干重, 其中 7-ClBaA在ClPAHs总毒性当量中的贡献最大.     

含有非热力学平衡离子和尘埃颗粒电荷变化的热尘埃等离子体中的尘埃声波

使用约化摄动法得到了描述含有尘埃颗粒电荷变化、非热力学平衡离子和玻尔兹曼分布的电子的热尘埃等离子体中尘埃声波修正的KdV(mKdV)方程.并对孤立波受尘埃流体、离子和电子的温度,非热力学平衡快离子参数,尘埃电荷变化以及尘埃颗粒、离子和电子数密度的影响进行了数值模似.     

Evidence from episodic seamount volcanism for pulsing of the Iceland plume in the past 70 Myr

The North Atlantic volcanic province has been attributed to continental rifting about 60 Myr ago over an Iceland plume head with a diameter of 1,000-2,000 km (refs 1, 2). But evidence from a few igneous centres has been used to infer that earlier plume activity occurred in this region. The three seamounts in the Rockall trough off the Atlantic coast of Scotland are among the few accessible remnants of such early plume activity. Here we present 40Ar-39Ar incremental-heating ages of samples from these seamounts, which show that volcanism began there in the late Cretaceous period (70 +/- 1 Myr ago), and then continued for the next 30 Myr in at least four discrete phases: 62, 52, 47 and 42 Myr ago. We relate this activity to pulsing of large masses (approximately 10(8) km3) of hot Iceland plume material on timescales of 5-10 Myr. This significantly extends the time span for Iceland plume activity both backwards and forwards in time, and provides a possible alternative to the 'plume head' models for the formation of continental flood basalts.     

奥里油电厂烟羽传输与扩散的数值模拟

奥里油燃烧后的排放物温度以及SO2浓度比较大,为了对电厂周围环境质量进行分析,采用CFD软件进行模拟。模拟了奥里油电厂高架连续点源的烟羽传输与扩散, 根据湛江市有代表性的年平均气象数据,采用Fluent软件分析了不同大气风速和湍流度下奥里油电厂烟羽传输与扩散的特殊规律, 给出了描述大气污染的两个重要参数最大落地浓度及离源距离和烟羽中心线抬升高度及离源距离的下风向沿程变化情况。数值计算结果与烟气扩散理论和经验数据是相符合的, 所以该模型可以较好的模拟奥里油电厂烟羽的传输与扩散的特殊性,从而为该电厂的环境影响评价提供依据。     

慢滤-消毒对二级出水中污染物去除及影响因素

再生水回用是解决水资源危机的重要途径,但是城市污水厂二级出水中仍含有大量的污染物,对人们的身体健康存在着潜在威胁。为保证再生水回用的安全性,本研究通过探究生物膜慢滤-次氯酸钠消毒组合工艺处理污水厂二级出水的方法研究了该工艺对水中的有机物和条件致病菌的去除效能,并对其影响因素进行分析。结果表明,相同滤速下,生物膜慢滤较慢滤对溶解性有机物的去除效果好,滤速为20 cm/h时对DOC的去除效果最佳;生物膜慢滤对富里酸类有机物、微生物副产物类有机物、腐殖酸类有机物的处理效果均比慢滤好;相同滤速下,生物膜慢滤对浊度的去除效果优于慢滤;在NaClO最佳投加量8.0 mg/L（以有效氯浓度计）的条件下,生物膜慢滤-NaClO消毒组合工艺对军团菌、铜绿假单胞菌均有较好的去除效果,且NaClO对于自由悬浮态条件致病菌的去除效果更优;另外,较低pH值和较高水温更有利于NaClO消毒对水中条件致病菌的去除。可见,生物膜慢滤-次氯酸钠消毒工艺可以有效控制二级出水中的有机物和条件致病菌等污染物,可以一定程度上保证再生水回用的安全性。     

格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶铁氧化物漫反射光谱分析

格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶漫反射光谱分析显示该地区沙尘气溶胶反射光谱的一阶导数曲线分别在波长430,560 nm处存在两个明显的特征峰值,可用于指示粉尘样品中的赤铁矿和针铁矿的相对含量.红色、橙色和黄色反射率随赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值增加而增大,而蓝色、紫色和绿色反射率则相应减小,表明赤铁矿和针铁矿是格尔木沙尘的重要致色矿物,对沙尘气溶胶光学特性产生重要影响.格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶中赤铁矿和针铁矿相对含量变化受沙尘过程影响,沙尘天气时赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值明显增高,指示铁氧化物的相对含量增高.赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值及两者比值在不同地区粉尘样品中有很大差异,表明赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值及两者比值具有较强的源区指示意义.     

沙尘暴过程观测数据与实测数据的综合分析

不断加深沙尘暴起沙、传输、沉降机制及其辐射强迫机理认识,提高沙尘暴的预测预警以及防治水平,已成为科研界和政府部门共同关注的问题.我们充分利用已观测的数据进行了深入的综合研究和方法探索,在数据处理本身和多元数据分析方面均取得一些新进展.本文充分利用遥感观测和地面实测手段,对亚洲沙尘暴进行监测.通过对多元数据进行分析和综合,建立了遥感监测结果与地面观测结果之间的关联关系,这些监测结果能够为综合风侵蚀模型系统和GCM(全球尺度沙尘模拟模型)模型系统提供参数和验证数据,同时为沙尘暴的预警预报提供基础数据和客观依据.     

兔心房来源非心肌细胞的分离培养

建立一种兔心房组织来源的非心肌细胞体外培养模型,为心血管药理实验、病毒学实验及组织工程的研究提供实验平台.无菌条件下取兔心房壁组织,将组织分离成2 mm×1 mm小块,采用植块法以5行4列的形式种植于培养瓶中,加入M199或MEM培养基对兔心房组织进行原代培养.待长成单层时胰酶消化收集细胞,并进行传代培养和细胞冻存.该方法获得了大量活力良好的兔心房壁组织来源的非心肌细胞,倒置镜下观察细胞多呈短梭形,以及少量的三角形、柱形和卵圆形细胞,细胞核部位隆突,胞浆均匀清亮.经体外传代培养至16代,冷冻复苏以后,细胞仍生长良好.     

水平巷道火灾浮羽流及顶板射流积分模型

为研究矿井火灾火源区域烟流流动规律，以便对矿井火灾灾变风流的流动状态进行更详细地描述和计算机动态模拟，分析了矿井水平巷道火灾浮羽流的特性和顶板射流的形成原因，从基本物理定律和守恒方程出发，采用二维平面射流和动量积分分析方法，建立了水平巷道火灾浮羽流和顶板射流的数学模型。此模型经实验和计算检验修正后将作为矿井火灾区域模拟的理论基础。     

Reduction process and zinc removal from composite briquettes composed of dust and sludge from a steel enterprise

In this study, composite briquettes were prepared using gravity dust and converter sludge as the main materials; these briquettes were subsequently reduced in a tube furnace at 1000-1300℃ for 5-30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and carbon content on the metallization and dezincification ratios of the composite briquettes were studied. The reduced composite briquettes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the gravity dust and converter sludge are combined into the composite briquettes and a reasonable combination not only improves the performance of the composite briquettes, but also leads to the reduction with no or little reductant and flux. As the reaction temperature is increased and the reaction time is extended, the metallization and dezincification ratios of the composite briquettes increase gradually. When the composite briquettes are roasted at 1300℃ for 30 min, the metallization ratio and dezincification ratio reaches 91.35% and 99.25%, respectively, indicating that most of the iron oxide is reduced and the zinc is almost completely removed. The carbon content is observed to exert a lesser effect on the reduction process; as the C/O molar ratio increases, the metallization and dezincification ratios first increase and then decrease.     

2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖与玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

简要介绍了2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖及其获得者--埃里克·科内尔,卡尔·维曼与沃尔夫冈·克特勒的有关研究工作;评述了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的实现及其应用.     

水膜除尘器中筛板除尘脱硫技术研究

为了确定水膜除尘器中加装筛板的几何尺寸进行了多组实验 ,并得出在不同实验条件下的液膜高度 ,流动阻力 ,除尘效率和脱硫效率 ,为工程使用提供可用数据 .     

响应面优化铁观音茶末茶多糖提取及清除自由基作用

为了探究福建安溪铁观音茶末茶多糖的最优提取工艺及其体外清除自由基的作用,考察单因素浸提温度、液料比和浸提时间对茶末茶多糖提取率的影响,采用响应面分析法优化铁观音茶末茶多糖的提取工艺,并测定茶多糖清除·DPPH的能力.结果表明:在液固比80∶1(mL/g),浸提时间130 min,浸提温度90℃的条件下,茶多糖的提取率可达9.95%;体外清除自由基试验表明,铁观音茶末茶多糖具有较强的·DPPH自由基清除能力.