Petrology and thermal structure of the Hawaiian plume from Mauna Kea volcano

There is uncertainty about whether the abundant tholeiitic lavas on Hawaii are the product of melt from peridotite or pyroxenite/eclogite rocks. Using a parameterization of melting experiments on peridotite with glass analyses from the Hawaii Scientific Deep Project 2 on Mauna Kea volcano, I show here that a small population of the core samples had fractionated from a peridotite-source primary magma. Most lavas, however, differentiated from magmas that were too deficient in CaO and enriched in NiO (ref. 2) to have formed from a peridotite source. For these, experiments indicate that they were produced by the melting of garnet pyroxenite, a lithology that had formed in a second stage by reaction of peridotite with partial melts of subducted oceanic crust. Samples in the Hawaiian core are therefore consistent with previous suggestions that pyroxenite occurs in a host peridotite, and both contribute to melt production. Primary magma compositions vary down the drill core, and these reveal evidence for temperature variations within the underlying mantle plume. Mauna Kea magmatism is represented in other Hawaiian volcanoes, and provides a key for a general understanding of melt production in lithologically heterogeneous mantle.     

Transient high temperatures in mantle plume heads inferred from magnesian olivines in Phanerozoic picrites

Both scaled laboratory experiments and numerical models of terrestrial mantle plumes produce 'balloon-on-a-string' structures, with a bulbous head followed by a stem-like tail. Discussions have focused on whether their initial upwelling heads are hotter than the tails or cooler, as a result of entrainment of ambient mantle during ascent, and also on whether initial plume upwelling is a newtonian or non-newtonian process. The temperature of the mantle delivered to the base of the lithosphere is a critical parameter in such debates. Dry continental magmas can normally contribute little to this topic because their hottest (ultramafic) examples can be expected to be trapped, owing to their density, beneath the Moho. Here we report a rare case in which olivine (with 93.3% forsterite; Mg2SiO4) phenocrysts, precipitated from an unerupted komatiitic melt (approximately 24% MgO) of the Tristan mantle plume head 132 Myr ago, were carried to upper-crust levels in northwest Namibia by less Mg-rich (9.6-18.5% MgO) magmas. We infer that the hidden melt, generated when the plume impinged on the base of the lithosphere, originated in the mantle with a potential temperature of approximately 1,700 degrees C. This is approximately 400 degrees C above ambient and much hotter than the temperatures previously calculated for steady-state Phanerozoic mantle plumes. Published data show that the same conclusion can be reached for the initial Iceland and Galapagos plumes.     

矿尘痕量元素在飘积土和地面土中的分布和识别

研究了黄铁矿采矿场12种矿样与采矿场附近降尘累积土(飘积土)和地面土中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mo、Ni、Pb、Tl、Ba和Se的分布.将土壤学中元素比的概念引入痕量元素溯源,提出元素相似比和相似度2个概念,结合元素相关性识别飘积土和地面土中的来自矿尘的痕量元素.结果表明,在2.0～16.0 cm的飘积表土和地面表土中,大部分痕、微量元素的最低值均低于其背景值(<1 km地面土中Pb和>1 km地面土中Cd和Co除外),而平均值和最高值均高于背景值(飘积土中的Cu、Se的平均值、<1 km地面土中Cr、>1 km地面土中Cu和上述全部样品中的Ba除外).在18.0～36.0 cm的飘积心土和地面心土中,大部分痕、微量元素的最低值和平均值均高于背景值(飘积心土的Co、Cu、Se和>1 km地面心土Pb、Cu、Ba除外).痕、微量元素呈亚层积聚特征.同时,相关系数r>0.2的矿样元素,与飘积土和地面土至少有1个相似度>0.5的元素相似比,相关系数r≥0.54的矿样元素,与飘积土和地面土有2个以上相似度>0.5的元素相似比.据此可识别飘积土和地面土中的来自矿尘的痕量元素.     

Reykjanes "V"-shaped ridges originating from a pulsing and dehydrating mantle plume

Prominent crustal lineations straddle the Reykjanes ridge, south of Iceland (Fig. 1). These giant V-shaped features are thought to record temporal variations in magma production at the Reykjanes ridge axis, associated with along-axis flow of Icelandic plume material. It has been proposed that this flow is channelled preferentially along the ridge axis, and that temporal variability is induced by fluctuations of the Iceland plume itself or, alternatively, by relocations of the ridge axis on Iceland. Here I present a geodynamic model that predicts the formation of crustal V-shaped ridges from a pulsing and radially flowing mantle plume. In this model, plume pulses produce mantle temperature perturbations that expand away from the plume in all directions beneath the zone of partial melting. The melting zone has a high viscosity owing to mantle dehydration at the onset of partial melting. This high-viscosity region allows for reasonable variations in crustal thickness, produces crustal Vs that extend hundreds of kilometres along the axis, and prevents the plume material from being preferentially channelled along the ridge axis. The angle of the crustal V-shaped features relative to the ridge axis reflects the rate of lateral plume flow, which remains several times greater than the ridge half-spreading rate over the length of a crustal V. Consequently, this radially expanding plume produces lineations in crustal thickness and free-air gravity anomalies that appear to be nearly straight.     

Evidence from episodic seamount volcanism for pulsing of the Iceland plume in the past 70 Myr

The North Atlantic volcanic province has been attributed to continental rifting about 60 Myr ago over an Iceland plume head with a diameter of 1,000-2,000 km (refs 1, 2). But evidence from a few igneous centres has been used to infer that earlier plume activity occurred in this region. The three seamounts in the Rockall trough off the Atlantic coast of Scotland are among the few accessible remnants of such early plume activity. Here we present 40Ar-39Ar incremental-heating ages of samples from these seamounts, which show that volcanism began there in the late Cretaceous period (70 +/- 1 Myr ago), and then continued for the next 30 Myr in at least four discrete phases: 62, 52, 47 and 42 Myr ago. We relate this activity to pulsing of large masses (approximately 10(8) km3) of hot Iceland plume material on timescales of 5-10 Myr. This significantly extends the time span for Iceland plume activity both backwards and forwards in time, and provides a possible alternative to the 'plume head' models for the formation of continental flood basalts.     

含有非热力学平衡离子和尘埃颗粒电荷变化的热尘埃等离子体中的尘埃声波

使用约化摄动法得到了描述含有尘埃颗粒电荷变化、非热力学平衡离子和玻尔兹曼分布的电子的热尘埃等离子体中尘埃声波修正的KdV(mKdV)方程.并对孤立波受尘埃流体、离子和电子的温度,非热力学平衡快离子参数,尘埃电荷变化以及尘埃颗粒、离子和电子数密度的影响进行了数值模似.     

水平巷道火灾浮羽流及顶板射流积分模型

为研究矿井火灾火源区域烟流流动规律,以便对矿井火灾灾变风流的流动状态进行更详细地描述和计算机动态模拟,分析了矿井水平巷道火灾浮羽流的特性和顶板射流的形成原因,从基本物理定律和守恒方程出发,采用二维平面射流和动量积分分析方法,建立了水平巷道火灾浮羽流和顶板射流的数学模型。此模型经实验和计算检验修正后将作为矿井火灾区域模拟的理论基础。     

沙尘暴过程观测数据与实测数据的综合分析

不断加深沙尘暴起沙、传输、沉降机制及其辐射强迫机理认识,提高沙尘暴的预测预警以及防治水平,已成为科研界和政府部门共同关注的问题.我们充分利用已观测的数据进行了深入的综合研究和方法探索,在数据处理本身和多元数据分析方面均取得一些新进展.本文充分利用遥感观测和地面实测手段,对亚洲沙尘暴进行监测.通过对多元数据进行分析和综合,建立了遥感监测结果与地面观测结果之间的关联关系,这些监测结果能够为综合风侵蚀模型系统和GCM(全球尺度沙尘模拟模型)模型系统提供参数和验证数据,同时为沙尘暴的预警预报提供基础数据和客观依据.     

格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶铁氧化物漫反射光谱分析

格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶漫反射光谱分析显示该地区沙尘气溶胶反射光谱的一阶导数曲线分别在波长430,560 nm处存在两个明显的特征峰值,可用于指示粉尘样品中的赤铁矿和针铁矿的相对含量.红色、橙色和黄色反射率随赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值增加而增大,而蓝色、紫色和绿色反射率则相应减小,表明赤铁矿和针铁矿是格尔木沙尘的重要致色矿物,对沙尘气溶胶光学特性产生重要影响.格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶中赤铁矿和针铁矿相对含量变化受沙尘过程影响,沙尘天气时赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值明显增高,指示铁氧化物的相对含量增高.赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值及两者比值在不同地区粉尘样品中有很大差异,表明赤铁矿和针铁矿可见光谱一阶导数特征值及两者比值具有较强的源区指示意义.     

兔心房来源非心肌细胞的分离培养

建立一种兔心房组织来源的非心肌细胞体外培养模型,为心血管药理实验、病毒学实验及组织工程的研究提供实验平台.无菌条件下取兔心房壁组织,将组织分离成2 mm×1 mm小块,采用植块法以5行4列的形式种植于培养瓶中,加入M199或MEM培养基对兔心房组织进行原代培养.待长成单层时胰酶消化收集细胞,并进行传代培养和细胞冻存.该方法获得了大量活力良好的兔心房壁组织来源的非心肌细胞,倒置镜下观察细胞多呈短梭形,以及少量的三角形、柱形和卵圆形细胞,细胞核部位隆突,胞浆均匀清亮.经体外传代培养至16代,冷冻复苏以后,细胞仍生长良好.     

Lead isotopes reveal bilateral asymmetry and vertical continuity in the Hawaiian mantle plume

The two parallel chains of Hawaiian volcanoes ('Loa' and 'Kea') are known to have statistically different but overlapping radiogenic isotope characteristics. This has been explained by a model of a concentrically zoned mantle plume, where the Kea chain preferentially samples a more peripheral portion of the plume. Using high-precision lead isotope data for both centrally and peripherally located volcanoes, we show here that the two trends have very little compositional overlap and instead reveal bilateral, non-concentric plume zones, probably derived from the plume source in the mantle. On a smaller scale, along the Kea chain, there are isotopic differences between the youngest lavas from the Mauna Kea and Kilauea volcanoes, but the 550-thousand-year-old Mauna Kea lavas are isotopically identical to Kilauea lavas, consistent with Mauna Kea's position relative to the plume, which was then similar to that of present-day Kilauea. We therefore conclude that narrow (less than 50 kilometres wide) compositional streaks, as well as the larger-scale bilateral zonation, are vertically continuous over tens to hundreds of kilometres within the plume.     

水膜除尘器中筛板除尘脱硫技术研究

为了确定水膜除尘器中加装筛板的几何尺寸进行了多组实验 ,并得出在不同实验条件下的液膜高度 ,流动阻力 ,除尘效率和脱硫效率 ,为工程使用提供可用数据 .     

2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖与玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

简要介绍了2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖及其获得者--埃里克·科内尔,卡尔·维曼与沃尔夫冈·克特勒的有关研究工作;评述了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的实现及其应用.     

高炉粉尘Fe和Zn非熔态分离工艺

开发一种高炉粉尘再资源化处理工艺,采用非熔态还原--磁选分离--Zn的回收、富集方法对典型高炉粉尘进行Fe、Zn非熔态分离研究.结果表明:在910～1 010℃,使用纯H2、CO为还原剂进行非熔态还原,同时实现粉尘中Fe2O3(s)→Fe(s)和ZnO(s)→Zn(g)的高度转变,金属化率达到90%以上,气化脱锌率达到99%以上,且还原过程未发生烧结.还原产物直接经磁选分离、富集得到TFe品位90%的富Fe物料;含锌挥发物经回收、富集得到ZnO含量92%的富Zn物料.成功地将高炉粉尘全部转化为MFe、ZnO等有价资源,实现了零排放,且分离过程不需高温熔融,过程能耗低,无环境污染.     

响应面优化铁观音茶末茶多糖提取及清除自由基作用

为了探究福建安溪铁观音茶末茶多糖的最优提取工艺及其体外清除自由基的作用,考察单因素浸提温度、液料比和浸提时间对茶末茶多糖提取率的影响,采用响应面分析法优化铁观音茶末茶多糖的提取工艺,并测定茶多糖清除·DPPH的能力.结果表明:在液固比80∶1(mL/g),浸提时间130 min,浸提温度90℃的条件下,茶多糖的提取率可达9.95%;体外清除自由基试验表明,铁观音茶末茶多糖具有较强的·DPPH自由基清除能力.     

金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察

对金华地区虎纹蛙消化道各部进行了形态解剖学观察.结果表明:虎纹蛙消化道较为明显地分为口咽腔、食道、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、直肠和泄殖腔.同时,对其主要的消化腺肝脏和胰脏进行了观察与测量.观察分析表明虎纹蛙消化道的结构与其食性是相适应的.     

高压静电除尘器中的离子风与除尘

离子风使得高压静电除尘器中粒子的运动更加复杂.它对高压静电除尘器中微细颗粒的捕集有很大的影响.在2个多世纪中,国内外的学者对离子风进行了大量的理论和实验上的探索和研究,并取得了一定的成果.本文回顾与总结了诸多学者进行的离子风与除尘的相关研究,并提出了建议:在进行除尘器内部流场研究时,应该针对三维空间进行;考虑除尘空间中离子电荷和颗粒电荷对流场分析的影响.为以后离子风的研究工作提供了一定的理论依据。     

煤矿采掘引起粉尘污染与防治

根据煤矿井下采掘粉尘的特性及其危害和对井下空气污染的状况,详细分析了煤矿井下德主要尘源和尘量分布,提出针对井下采掘各产尘源的治理措施。并对煤矿井下的防尘管理做了科学的展望,通过对粉尘污染的治理,改善煤矿工人的作业环境,实现清洁生产,降低矿工职业病发病率,提高煤矿生产效益和经济效益。     

从不锈钢粉尘中选择性提取Cr、Ni和Zn重金属

基于热力学计算结果,通过配碳还原-熔分工艺,从不锈钢粉尘中选择性分步提取了Cr、Ni和Zn重金属元素.配碳还原实验结果表明,不锈钢粉尘的最佳配碳量为20%,粉尘中Fe、Ni和Zn的最低还原温度为1050℃,Cr的最低还原温度是1 400℃,与热力学计算结果一致,通过控制温度实现了对粉尘中金属的选择性分步还原.直接还原熔分实验说明,Fe-Cr合金最佳熔分温度为1550℃,粉尘中金属以Fe-Ni-Cr合金形式被提取出来,渣金分离状况良好,反应时间5min时金属提取率已达到75%左右,15 min时Fe和Cr收得率达到85%以上,Ni超过90%.通过控制配碳量、还原时间与反应温度,在不改变现有工艺的条件下,不锈钢粉尘直接返回炼钢主流程回收其重金属完全可行.     

Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust

The ubiquitous atmospheric dust on Mars is well mixed by periodic global dust storms, and such dust carries information about the environment in which it once formed and hence about the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers have permanent magnets to collect atmospheric dust for investigation by instruments on the rovers. Here we report results from M?ssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence of dust particles captured from the martian atmosphere by the magnets. The dust on the magnets contains magnetite and olivine; this indicates a basaltic origin of the dust and shows that magnetite, not maghemite, is the mineral mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the dust. Furthermore, the dust on the magnets contains some ferric oxides, probably including nanocrystalline phases, so some alteration or oxidation of the basaltic dust seems to have occurred. The presence of olivine indicates that liquid water did not play a dominant role in the processes that formed the atmospheric dust.