成年小白鼠新生神经元的观察

将＾３「Ｈ」标记的胸腺嘧啶核苷注入成年小白鼠腹腔，大脑中的神经细胞有丝分裂，可通过放射自显影在新生社会细胞中以银粒方式显现＾３「Ｈ」标记，在光镜下观察脑切片中的银粒细胞即为新生社会元，本实验利用放射自显影的方法，在成年小白鼠的海马和嗅球区域观察到新生神经元。     

画眉和白腰文鸟端脑新生神经细胞的起源和分布

用5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶(BrdU)标记DNA,ABC免疫细胞化学的方法,观察成年画眉(Garrulax canorus)和白腰文鸟(Lonchura striata)端脑神经前体细胞的产生和分布特点.结果如下:1)胸肌注射BrdU短时程组(存活1~5 d),在端脑室带区外侧壁(LVZ)有大量的新生标记细胞,并在纹状体腹侧的室带区(VZ)形成标记细胞增殖热点;2)注射BrdU长时程组(存活15~30 d),在画眉高级发声中枢(HVc)、HVc壳、高位发声运动中枢———古纹状体栎核(RA)内有一些新生标记细胞,在端脑靠近LVZ的区域有较多的标记细胞,但在白腰文鸟的HVc、HVc壳、RA内未见到标记细胞.结果表明:1)新生神经细胞起源于端脑VZ;2)画眉每天都有一些新生神经前体细胞迁移到HVc和RA内,而白腰文鸟成年后HVc和RA很少有新生神经细胞代替旧的神经元,这与白腰文鸟成年后不需要学习新语句的行为是一致的.推测在画眉HVc和RA内能不断地产生新生标记细胞,这可能与它们需要不断学习新的鸣啭语句有关,而且这些新生的细胞在雄、雌画眉中可能具有同样的功能.     

双丁酰环腺苷酸对人胃腺癌体外培养细胞DNA合成的影响

应用~3H-TdR光镜和电镜放射自显影观察表明,MGc80-3 细胞标记指数达31.51％,标记银粒集中于分裂间期的S期细胞核中,细胞核呈重标记状态,绝大多数标记银粒分布于细胞核常染色质区域,少数见于核孔附近的常染色质或核孔附近的细胞质中,核仁未见标记,显示细胞内 DNA合成十分活跃。但经 dBcAMP诱导后,标记指数则降至 4.35％,细胞核呈弱标记状态,电镜放射自显影则未在细胞核内见到标记银粒,表明其DNA合成受到明显抑制。这种变化是由于dBcAMP诱导胃癌细胞内cAMP水平提高而实现的,认为DNA合成抑制是导致MGc80-3细胞走向分化的一个重要原因,对于癌变细胞恶性表型逆转具有重要作用。     

对几种动物肺内神经上皮小体(Neuroepithelial BOody)的光镜观察

本文以新生和成年的家免、小白鼠、鸡、鸽为材料,石蜡切片,光镜下对这几种动物肺内的神经上皮小体进行了组织学观察和数量统计、比较。结果表明:新生家兔肺内具有明显的神经上皮小体。在小白鼠的材料中,只有散在的嗜银细胞存在;在成年兔、新生和成年鸡、鸽的肺切片中均没有发现有神经上皮小体。     

一种烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nChRs)显像前体化合物的合成及标记

以 2 溴 3 吡啶酚和 (S) 2 氮杂环丁烷羧酸为起始物 ,合成了一种以 N (CH3 ) 3 为取代基团的前体化合物 :6 [-N(CH3 ) 3 + I- ] A 85 380 .用此前体化合物进行18F标记取代 ,制得了可用于nChRs受体PET显像的标记化合物 :6 [18F] A 85 380 .整个放射标记分离时间为 5 0～5 5min .其标记率不低于 38%～ 4 8% ,比活度可达 0 .74× 10 11Bq/ μmol.     

新生期注射谷氨酸单钠对大鼠脑区损伤程度的比较观察

比较观察了在新生期腹腔内注射不同剂量谷氨酸单钠后,成年大鼠16个脑区的神经元损伤程度．发现大多数脑区的神经元显著减少,但有的脑区对谷氨酸单钠的神经毒性具有一定保护作用．     

灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊DNA代谢的影响

本文运用生化测定、放射性同位素标记及显微放射自显影等技术方法研究了灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊DNA代射的影响。结果表明,灭幼脲Ⅰ号抑制了致倦库蚊的DNA合成,降低DNA含量。     

新生期注射谷氨酸单钠对大鼠脑区损伤程度的比？…

比较观察了在新生期腹腔内注射不同剂量谷氨酸单钠后，成年大鼠１６个脑区的神经元损伤程度。发现大多数脑区的神经元显著减少，但有的脑区对谷氨酸单钠的神经毒性具有一定保护作用。     

Neurobasal~(TM)-A和DMEM/F12培养液对大鼠胎儿神经干细胞生长的影响

用带有 3 [H]的胸苷对分裂细胞进行标记 ,通过细胞计数仪测定细胞数量的方法 ,对比了大鼠胎儿神经干细胞在添加相同成分的 Neurobasal TM-A和 DMEM/F1 2培养液中的生长情况 .结果表明 Neurobasal TM-A在有 EGF和 b FGF存在的情况下更适合于神经干细胞的生长和存活     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化正丙醇和异丙醇反应的研究

分别研究了纳米TiO2 在主波长为 364nm的汞灯光照下催化氧化 0 .1mol·L- 1 的n C3H7OH及i C3H7OH水溶液反应的速率 ,证明了该组反应均为零级反应 .用XRD、TEM、SSA和FT IR PAS对催化剂进行了表征 .根据FT IR PAS的检测结果提出了光催化氧化反应的机理i C3H7OH [O] CH3COCH3[O] CH3COOH [O] … [O] CO2 +H2 On C3H7OH [O] CH3CH2 CHO [O] CH3CH2 COOH [O] … [O] CO2 +H2 O     

Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.     

NMDA-receptor-mediated, cell-specific integration of new neurons in adult dentate gyrus

New neurons are continuously integrated into existing neural circuits in adult dentate gyrus of the mammalian brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that these new neurons are involved in learning and memory. A substantial fraction of newly born neurons die before they mature and the survival of new neurons is regulated in an experience-dependent manner, raising the possibility that the selective survival or death of new neurons has a direct role in a process of learning and memory--such as information storage--through the information-specific construction of new circuits. However, a critical assumption of this hypothesis is that the survival or death decision of new neurons is information-specific. Because neurons receive their information primarily through their input synaptic activity, we investigated whether the survival of new neurons is regulated by input activity in a cell-specific manner. Here we developed a retrovirus-mediated, single-cell gene knockout technique in mice and showed that the survival of new neurons is competitively regulated by their own NMDA-type glutamate receptor during a short, critical period soon after neuronal birth. This finding indicates that the survival of new neurons and the resulting formation of new circuits are regulated in an input-dependent, cell-specific manner. Therefore, the circuits formed by new neurons may represent information associated with input activity within a short time window in the critical period. This information-specific addition of new circuits through selective survival or death of new neurons may be a unique attribute of new neurons that enables them to play a critical role in learning and memory.     

Peripheral organs control central neurogenesis in the leech

Interactions between developing nerve centres and peripheral targets are known to affect neuronal survival and thus regulate the adult number of neurons in many systems. Here we provide evidence that peripheral tissues can also influence cell numbers by stimulating the production of neurons. In the leech Hirudo medicinalis, there is a population of several hundred neurons that is found only in the two segmental ganglia that innervate the genitalia and which seem to be added gradually during post-embryonic maturation. By monitoring 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation immunohistochemically, we have now determined that these neurons are actually born late in embryogenesis, well after all other central neurons are born and after efferent and afferent projections are established between these ganglia and the periphery. Ablation of the male genitalia early in embryogenesis, or evulsion of the nerves that connect them to the ganglia, prevent the birth of these neurons. However, they fail to appear ectopically when male genitalia are transplanted to other segments, despite innervation by local ganglia. We conclude that the generation of the late-appearing neurons depends on a highly localized signal produced by the male genitalia, to which only the ganglia that normally innervate these organs have the capacity to respond.     

GABA regulates synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain

Adult neurogenesis, the birth and integration of new neurons from adult neural stem cells, is a striking form of structural plasticity and highlights the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal activity regulates adult neurogenesis and that new neurons contribute to specific brain functions. The mechanism that regulates the integration of newly generated neurons into the pre-existing functional circuitry in the adult brain is unknown. Here we show that newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus are tonically activated by ambient GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) before being sequentially innervated by GABA- and glutamate-mediated synaptic inputs. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, initially exerts an excitatory action on newborn neurons owing to their high cytoplasmic chloride ion content. Conversion of GABA-induced depolarization (excitation) into hyperpolarization (inhibition) in newborn neurons leads to marked defects in their synapse formation and dendritic development in vivo. Our study identifies an essential role for GABA in the synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain, and suggests an unexpected mechanism for activity-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis, in which newborn neurons may sense neuronal network activity through tonic and phasic GABA activation.     

Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories

The vertebrate brain continues to produce new neurons throughout life. In the rat hippocampus, several thousand are produced each day, many of which die within weeks. Associative learning can enhance their survival; however, until now it was unknown whether new neurons are involved in memory formation. Here we show that a substantial reduction in the number of newly generated neurons in the adult rat impairs hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning, a task in which an animal must associate stimuli that are separated in time. A similar reduction did not affect learning when the same stimuli are not separated in time, a task that is hippocampal-independent. The reduction in neurogenesis did not induce death of mature hippocampal neurons or permanently alter neurophysiological properties of the CA1 region, such as long-term potentiation. Moreover, recovery of cell production was associated with the ability to acquire trace memories. These results indicate that newly generated neurons in the adult are not only affected by the formation of a hippocampal-dependent memory, but also participate in it.     

Electrical activity in early neuronal development

The construction of the brain during embryonic development was thought to be largely independent of its electrical activity. In this view, proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons are driven entirely by genetic programs and activity is important only at later stages in refinement of connections. However, recent findings demonstrate that activity plays essential roles in early development of the nervous system. Activity has similar roles in the incorporation of newly born neurons in the adult nervous system, suggesting that there are general rules underlying activity-dependent development. The extensive involvement of activity makes it likely that it is required at all developmental stages as a necessary partner with genetic programs.     

Projection neurons within a vocal motor pathway are born during song learning in zebra finches

Many birds learn song during a restricted 'sensitive' period. Juveniles memorize a song model, and then learn the pattern of muscle contractions necessary to reproduce the song. Of the neural changes accompanying avian song learning, perhaps the most remarkable is the production of new neurons which are inserted into the hyperstriatum ventralis pars caudalis (HVc), a region critical for song production. We report here that in young male zebra finches many of the new neurons incorporated into the HVc innervate the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) which projects to motor neurons controlling the vocal musculature. Furthermore, far fewer of these new neurons are incorporated into the HVc of either adult males that are beyond the sensitive learning period, or young females (who do not develop song). Thus, a major portion of the vocal motor pathway is actually created during song learning. This may enable early sensory experience and vocal practice to not only modify existing neuronal circuits, but also shape the insertion and initial synaptic contacts of neurons controlling adult song.     

A role for adult TLX-positive neural stem cells in learning and behaviour

Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain and can be regulated by a plethora of external stimuli, such as learning, memory, exercise, environment and stress. Although newly generated neurons are able to migrate and preferentially incorporate into the neural network, how these cells are molecularly regulated and whether they are required for any normal brain function are unresolved questions. The adult neural stem cell pool is composed of orphan nuclear receptor TLX-positive cells. Here, using genetic approaches in mice, we demonstrate that TLX (also called NR2E1) regulates adult neural stem cell proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner by controlling a defined genetic network implicated in cell proliferation and growth. Consequently, specific removal of TLX from the adult mouse brain through inducible recombination results in a significant reduction of stem cell proliferation and a marked decrement in spatial learning. In contrast, the resulting suppression of adult neurogenesis does not affect contextual fear conditioning, locomotion or diurnal rhythmic activities, indicating a more selective contribution of newly generated neurons to specific cognitive functions.     

Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex

Functional circuits in the adult neocortex adjust to novel sensory experience, but the underlying synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. Growth and retraction of dendritic spines with synapse formation and elimination could change brain circuits. In the apical tufts of layer 5B (L5B) pyramidal neurons in the mouse barrel cortex, a subset of dendritic spines appear and disappear over days, whereas most spines are persistent for months. Under baseline conditions, new spines are mostly transient and rarely survive for more than a week. Transient spines tend to be small, whereas persistent spines are usually large. Because most excitatory synapses in the cortex occur on spines, and because synapse size and the number of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are proportional to spine volume, the excitation of pyramidal neurons is probably driven through synapses on persistent spines. Here we test whether the generation and loss of persistent spines are enhanced by novel sensory experience. We repeatedly imaged dendritic spines for one month after trimming alternate whiskers, a paradigm that induces adaptive functional changes in neocortical circuits. Whisker trimming stabilized new spines and destabilized previously persistent spines. New-persistent spines always formed synapses. They were preferentially added on L5B neurons with complex apical tufts rather than simple tufts. Our data indicate that novel sensory experience drives the stabilization of new spines on subclasses of cortical neurons. These synaptic changes probably underlie experience-dependent remodelling of specific neocortical circuits.     

Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo

In Parkinson's disease, brain dopamine neurons degenerate most prominently in the substantia nigra. Neurotrophic factors promote survival, differentiation and maintenance of neurons in developing and adult vertebrate nervous system. The most potent neurotrophic factor for dopamine neurons described so far is the glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Here we have identified a conserved dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) as a trophic factor for dopamine neurons. CDNF, together with its previously described vertebrate and invertebrate homologue the mesencephalic-astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, is a secreted protein with eight conserved cysteine residues, predicting a unique protein fold and defining a new, evolutionarily conserved protein family. CDNF (Armetl1) is expressed in several tissues of mouse and human, including the mouse embryonic and postnatal brain. In vivo, CDNF prevented the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat experimental model of Parkinson's disease. A single injection of CDNF before 6-OHDA delivery into the striatum significantly reduced amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning behaviour and almost completely rescued dopaminergic tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. When administered four weeks after 6-OHDA, intrastriatal injection of CDNF was able to restore the dopaminergic function and prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Thus, CDNF was at least as efficient as GDNF in both experimental settings. Our results suggest that CDNF might be beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.