水平管道内甲烷爆炸压力传播实验

借助自行研制的瓦斯爆炸水平管道模拟巷道,通过实验研究低浓度瓦斯爆炸特征参数及爆炸压力在水平管道内的传播规律。结果表明：爆炸极限范围内的甲烷气体,在燃爆腔体内（点火段附近）爆炸超压随甲烷浓度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;甲烷体积分数为9．4％时,爆炸压力最大,为0．165670MPa,对应时间为76．8ms。在燃爆腔体一扩散管路内,气体爆炸压力峰值呈波动性变化;距点火段3600mm处、体积分数为9．4％的甲烷气体爆炸压力最大,爆炸超压为0．181228MPa。实验中甲烷爆炸超压的体积分数为9．4％。该研究为管道及煤矿巷道瓦斯爆炸事故分析提供了参考。     

管道内障碍物扰动对煤气爆炸特性影响的数值模拟

结合实验研究,采用迎风型WENO格式和两阶段化学反应模型就管道内障碍物对煤气/空气预混气体爆炸火焰的影响规律进行了数值研究,探讨了自管道右端面反射产生的压缩波与火焰传播的相互作用规律,得出了该反射波是造成火焰速度下降的原因.在此基础上,分析了障碍物对火焰的作用机理以及由此诱发的流场变化规律.结果表明,由于障碍物的加入,爆燃波发生多次反射,使得可燃混合气体得到充分压缩,温度和压力增加,化学反应速率提高,火焰强度得到加强.同时,从障碍物中传播出去的爆燃波经壁面反射后形成三波点,使得该处火焰速度升高,随着三波点的向前传播,由于能量的耗散,火焰速度逐渐下降.这些结论为爆炸场预估、防火防爆和爆轰推进中有效控制可燃气体的燃烧速率和火焰传播速度提供了重要的理论依据.     

半封闭空间瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播距离研究

为揭示瓦斯在强爆和弱爆情况下冲击波超压变化规律,利用一维爆炸物理模型和爆炸理论,构建了冲击波超压随距离变化的数学模型,并用一端开口的半封闭爆炸试验装置,在保持瓦斯浓度和其他条件不变,仅改变点火能量大小实现了瓦斯爆燃和爆轰,验证理论求解.结果表明:半封闭受限空间内,爆燃情况下火焰传播速度要远小于爆轰条件下火焰传播速度,爆燃火焰传播速度为亚音速,爆轰为超音速;爆轰与爆燃的冲击波超压的理论解都小于实验值,但整个传播变化趋势基本一致;极强冲击波最大超压值与传播距离成反比,极弱冲击波最大超压值与传播距离的平方根成反比;爆燃和爆轰冲击波在燃烧区内的传播变化趋势与理论解基本吻合.研究结果为防治瓦斯爆炸破坏及爆炸事故灾害勘验提供了技术和理论支持.     

隧道内液化天然气管道泄漏爆炸过程的数值模拟

 为了解隧道内液化天然气(LNG)管道泄漏爆炸事故的发展规律,以某实际工程为例,运用计算流体动力学方法建立隧道内LNG管道泄漏爆炸模型,分别以3种不同的边界条件对LNG泄漏爆炸过程进行了数值模拟计算。针对隧道两端为固壁和设泄压结构2种情况下的爆炸过程,通过数值模拟得到了3种不同泄漏强度条件下隧道内LNG泄漏爆炸峰值超压情况,并以此为依据判定其破坏性。结果表明,隧道两端为固壁或设泄压结构时,在泄漏强度最小及最大2种情况下爆炸形式均为爆燃,会对隧道内设施产生较严重破坏;泄漏强度居中的情况下,则会发生爆燃转爆轰过程,破坏力极强,应避免此种情况的发生。     

可燃气体爆炸数值模拟模型简化分析

可燃气体爆炸过程可以采用欧拉方程或N-S方程数值模拟.本文由N-S方程推导了火焰加速及爆燃和爆轰速度计算的简明公式.公式计算结果与实验结果符合较好,能够根据可燃气体爆炸特性快速计算火焰速度及爆燃转爆轰发生的判据.     

开敞空间可燃气云爆炸数值模拟研究

基于流体力学控制方程组、Realizable湍流方程和Eddy-Dissipation燃烧模型,建立了可燃气云爆燃的理论模型,对半径为0.5 m的半球形乙炔-空气预混爆炸进行了三维数值模拟,并采用了密度基耦合求解器进行了数值求解.选取了乙炔质量分数分别为5.3%、10.4%、13.3%和15.4%的预混气体,并得到不同质量分数的混合气云爆炸超压沿时间与空间的分布,模拟得到最大爆炸压力与实验结果吻合良好,最大相对偏差为13.79%;在气云爆炸初期,爆炸压力急剧增加,达到最大爆炸压力,在短期内有周期性的超压波不断向外扩散,且当气体浓度处于最危险质量分数时,产生的爆炸压力最大.在工业生产中,应尽量避免气体浓度达到其最危险质量分数,从而预防事故的发生.     

ZrO2泡沫陶瓷对瓦斯爆炸的影响

为有效阻隔煤矿井下一次瓦斯爆炸后伴随的连续爆炸或多次爆炸,在爆炸实验管道内设置ZrO2泡沫陶瓷阻隔爆装置,进行瓦斯爆炸实验,分析ZrO2泡沫陶瓷的厚度和孔隙度对瓦斯爆炸压力波波速及超压的影响。结果表明：设置陶瓷阻隔爆装置后的爆炸压力波上升速率和超压较空管时均有所下降;30 mm厚的陶瓷对前驱压力波上升速率的衰减作用明显;泡沫陶瓷能够抑制爆炸波能量的传播,降低爆炸强度。该结果为煤矿阻隔爆技术的研究提供了新思路。     

瓦斯体积分数对火焰传播规律影响的实验研究

为研究长直管道中体积分数对瓦斯爆炸的影响以及瓦斯爆炸火焰的传播特征,进行了有无障碍物条件下不同体积分数的瓦斯爆炸实验,用高速摄影仪拍摄火焰阵面发展的过程. 实验结果表明,火焰在密闭管道中传播经历了多次振荡的过程,这是火焰前方未燃气体在压缩波的作用下形成湍流所致;瓦斯的体积分数对最大火焰速度和火焰最大传播距离有很大的影响;得出了障碍物对火焰的传播有加速作用,接近当量体积分数的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播速度最快,在一定条件下会发生爆燃转爆轰.      

变径管道中粉尘爆炸传播实验与模拟

为探究粉尘爆炸在变径管道中的传播规律,基于1m³粉尘爆炸测试系统,搭建了DN200长直管道和DN200~DN100的变径管道,以玉米淀粉为实验介质,通过实验和FLACS数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了粉尘爆炸在管道中火焰传播速度、超压峰值、火焰传播距离的变化规律.结果表明:火焰传播速度在管道内呈上升趋势,在变径点之后增幅明显变大,缩小管径对火焰传播起加速作用;但超压峰值在管道内呈下降趋势,其在变径后衰减幅度显著升高,缩小管径使超压衰减速率增加;通过数据拟合建立了变径管道引起爆炸腔内超压变化的数学模型;火焰传播距离随浓度增加而变长,相同浓度下渐缩变径管导致火焰传播距离变长.研究结果为除尘系统安全距离确定及阻火隔爆措施的设计提供了参考依据.     

隧道内可燃液体蒸气爆燃超压缩尺寸实验研究

为了探索隧道内可燃液体蒸气的爆燃超压及火焰传播规律,该文采用1/20的缩尺寸隧道模型,以不同液体温度(30、 40、 50、 60、 70、 78℃(沸点))下蒸发产生的乙醇蒸气为爆燃介质,分析不同时间点火的引爆情况及爆燃超压等数据。结果表明:蒸气的爆炸极限受到初始液体温度的影响,当蒸气温度低时爆炸极限范围小,同时所需要的引爆能量也会变大。被引爆乙醇蒸气的超压值沿隧道纵向呈现明显的双峰形状,同时在超压曲线第1次达到峰值时,燃料盘上方压力测点P1低于远离中心位置P2、 P3处的超压值。此外,隧道内爆燃超压最大值会随着乙醇蒸气浓度的增加而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that