肉苁蓉(CistanchedeserticolaMa)胚胎学研究Ⅱ.胚和胚乳的发育

肉苁蓉为细胞型胚乳，初生胚乳核第一次分裂即形成细胞壁．具珠孔端胚乳吸器．种子成熟后由３～５层胚乳细胞包围着胚．合子横分裂形成顶细胞和基细胞．顶细胞纵分裂形成二分体和四分体，以后向各个方向分裂形成多细胞原胚．基细胞多次横分裂形成由一纵列细胞组成的胚柄．其胚胎发生属柳叶菜型．成熟种子中，胚仍然处于球形胚阶段．     

肉苁蓉胚胎学研究：II.胚和胚乳的发育

肉苁蓉为细胞型胚乳，初生胚乳核第一次分裂即形成细胞壁。具珠孔端胚乳吸器。种子成熟后由３￣５层胚乳细胞包围着胚。合子横分裂形成顶细胞和基细胞。顶细胞纵分裂形成二分体和四分体，以后向各个方向分开明形成多细胞原胚。基细胞多次横分裂形成由一纵列细胞组成的胚柄。其胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。成熟种子中，胚仍然处于球形胚阶段。     

锁阳(Cynomorium songaricum)胚胎学研究Ⅱ.胚和胚乳的发育

锁阳（Ｃ．ｓｏｎｇａｒｉｃｕｍＲｕｐｒ．）的胚乳为细胞型胚乳，初生胚乳核第一次分裂即形成细胞壁．种子成熟后，胚乳多层，壁内突的胚乳细胞在中心围绕着胚．合子第一次分裂为横分裂，形成珠孔端基细胞和合点端顶细胞；基细胞具液泡，顶细胞纵裂二次，分别形成二分体和四分体，以后进行各方向分裂形成球形原胚，基细胞参与胚体形成球形原胚，基细胞参与胚体形成，成熟种子中胚为球形原胚     

玉米花粉无性系分化能力的变化和染色体数目的不稳定性

胚性细胞在胚性细胞团、胚状体和再生植株的根部均可以发生。在胚性细胞团表面产生的胚性细胞发育成新的胚性细胞团,在胚性细胞团内部产生的胚性细胞形成许多细胞分裂中心,由这些分裂中心进一步发育成新的胚性细胞团。新的胚性细胞团即可以保持分化能力,也可能丧失分化能力。胚性细胞发育成胚状体的过程与玉米合子胚的形成基本相似。成熟胚状体具有胚芽、胚根、盾片等结构。无性系胚性细胞团具有染色体数目不同的细胞壤嵌存在的特性。由胚性细胞团中的胚性细胞发育成的胚状体,其整倍体细胞占优势,而在丧失正常分化能力的细胞团中,非整倍体细胞占优势。     

黄刺条(Caragana frutex C.Kock)的胚胎发育Ⅱ胚、胚乳和种皮的发育

黄刺条为核型胚乳,胚乳细胞质沿胚囊周缘分布,中央为一大液泡.球形胚后期,胚乳细胞化从珠孔端开始.合点端胚乳不形成细胞壁.在鲁雷形胚的早期,合点端形成具游离核的胚乳吸器,成熟种子中,留有一层胚乳细胞.合子横分裂形成顶细胞和基细胞,顶细胞纵分裂,基细胞纵横分裂形成多细胞胚柄.胚胎发生属柳叶菜型.成熟胚的子叶中具大量淀粉和蛋白质.种皮由外珠被发育和分化形成,在发育过程中,随着胚的发育,外珠被中的淀粉发生变化.本文还讨论了发育胚及其周围组织间营养物质的关系.     

玉米茎尖培养研究(Ⅱ)--体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

以玉米茎尖分生组织为外植体，在离体培养条件下诱导体细胞胚胎(胚状体)发生。组织细胞学观察表明，玉米茎尖分生组织在离体培养条件下可直接产生胚性愈伤组织，后者在继代培养中发生胚状体。多数胚状体起源于愈伤组织的表层细胞和表层之下的几层细胞，少数产生于愈伤组织的较深层。胚状体发生于单细胞，发育过程与合子胚大致相似。多数胚状体发育正常，具有一个芽端和一个胚根端。少数胚状体形成具多个芽端而共用一个胚根端的次生连体胚。胚状体发生不同步。胚状体只有在分化培养基上才能发育成熟。     

诺丹冰草（Agropyron desertorum CV．nordan）的胚和胚乳发育

观察了诺丹冰草胚和胚乳的发育过程．一般合子第一次分裂为横分裂，但偶见有斜分裂，形成顶细胞和基细胞．顶细胞纵分裂，基细胞横分裂，胚胎发生属紫宛型．一个助细胞于受精前解体，宿存助细胞生存到椭圆形胚期．丝状器具强的ＰＡＳ正反应．反足细胞于受精后增殖并保留到多细胞原胚时消失且无多糖反应．核型胚乳，胚乳细胞化开始于多细胞原胚期．成熟胚乳细胞中具许多大的淀粉粒．种子有胚乳．发现有原胚的移位及胚囊中缺少胚的现象．     

菘蓝离体培养过程中愈伤组织和再生芽发生的细胞组织学观察

对菘蓝子叶和下胚轴在离体培养过程中的细胞分裂、分化以及器官发生进行了细胞组织学观察.研究结果 表明:培养2～5d,切口处及维管束薄壁细胞均开始脱分化,恢复分裂能力形成愈伤组织,愈伤组织表层细胞启 动分化形成芽原基.2种外植体不定芽的起源方式均为外起源.     

葡萄离体培养中胚状体发生的研究：Ⅰ.胚状体发生的组…

以葡萄的花药和花丝为实验材料，观察了葡萄离体培养中胚状体的发生发育过程。结果表明：１．葡萄的花药和花丝经诱导都可形成胚性和非胚性两类不同的愈伤组织，与外植体来源无关，胚状体经胚性愈伤组织产生。２．胚状体多起源于胚性愈伤组织表层或表层以下的单个细胞。这些细胞核大，细胞质浓，染色深，在表层者易于脱落而处于单个离散状态，它们的第一次分裂有均等分裂，也有不等分裂，经２细胞，３细胞，多细胞原胚等阶段发育为成     

小麦体细胞胚胎发生过程的研究

以小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）幼胚愈伤组织为材料，研究了小麦的体细胞胚胎发生过程．切片观察表明：小麦的胚状体发生有两种方式，表面发生和内部发生．胚状体来源于愈伤组织中的单个原始胚性细胞．胚状体的发育经历了单个胚性细胞、胚性细胞团、球形胚、心形胚、成熟胚阶段．木实验支持胚状体单细胞起源的学说．     

Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells

Egg and sperm cells (gametes) of the mouse are derived from a founder population of primordial germ cells that are set aside early in embryogenesis. Primordial germ cells arise from the proximal epiblast, a region of the early mouse embryo that also contributes to the first blood lineages of the embryonic yolk sac. Embryonic stem cells differentiate in vitro into cystic structures called embryoid bodies consisting of tissue lineages typical of the early mouse embryo. Because embryoid bodies sustain blood development, we reasoned that they might also support primordial germ cell formation. Here we isolate primordial germ cells from embryoid bodies, and derive continuously growing lines of embryonic germ cells. Embryonic germ cells show erasure of the methylation markers (imprints) of the Igf2r and H19 genes, a property characteristic of the germ lineage. We show that embryoid bodies support maturation of the primordial germ cells into haploid male gametes, which when injected into oocytes restore the somatic diploid chromosome complement and develop into blastocysts. Our ability to derive germ cells from embryonic stem cells provides an accessible in vitro model system for studies of germline epigenetic modification and mammalian gametogenesis.     

Properties and applications of embryonic stem cells

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the early embryo and can be propagated stably in undifferentiated state in vitro. They retain the ability to differentiate into all cell types found in the embryonic and adult body in vivo, and can be induced to differentiate into many cell types under appropriate culture conditions in vitro. Using these properties, people have set up various differentiated systems of many cell types and tissues in vitro. Through analysis of these systems, one can identify novel bioactive factors and reveal mechanisms of cell differentiation and organogenesis. ES cell-derived differentiated cells can also be applied to cell transplantation therapy. In addition, we summarized the features and potential applications of human ES cells.     

湖北百合离体繁殖中的形态发生

在湖北百合的离体繁殖中，进行了组织切片观察，其丛生苗是通过不定根不定芽的发育形成的。不定芽起源于鳞片叶表皮和表皮下几层细胞；也可发生在生长发育中不定芽的生长锥上，由顶端分生组织中局部细胞分裂和分形成不定芽原基。     

The development of embryo and endosperm inRanalisma rostratum

The embryo and endosperm development inRanalisma rostratum was studied in this paper. The zygote divides by a transverse wall to form basal and apical cells. The larger basal cell undergoes no further division and becomes the basal suspensor cell. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. In the mature seed, the embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by one intraseminal leaf. The endosperm development belongs to the Hebolial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains uninucleate, and free nuclear divisions occur in the micropylar chamber. Cellularization of the endosperm begins simultaneously from the micropylar and the chalazal ends. The cellularization is related to phragmoplast and cell plate, and does not arise from the free growth wall. Accompanying the embryo development, the endosperm degrades and does not exist in the mature seed. In the proembryo developing stages, the basal suspensor cell and chalazal endosperm cell grow to a considerable size. The nucleus and cytoplasm stain densely. Sometimes, binucleate or trinucleate was observed in both of the two cells. In the laterally concave embryo stage, they begin to degenerate which coincides with the cellularization of the endosperm. They are presumed to participate in the nourishment of the embryo proper in the early stages of embryo development. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Wang Jianbo: born in May. 1964, Ph. D.     

甘薯不同类型愈伤组织的比较

不同激素浓度配比下,徐薯１８叶片外植体愈伤组织的类型和频率不同;在２,４－Ｄ浓度为２ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上获得３种愈伤组织（Ｅ型、ＮＥ型、Ｇ型）,其色泽、质地、细胞的形态结构,分化途径显著不同,其过氧化物同功酶少酯酶同功酶酶谱也表现出显著特异性。     

紫叶酢浆草体细胞胚诱导和发育条件研究

本文通过组织培养方法,探讨生长素和细胞分裂素在紫叶酢浆草体细胞胚诱导和发育过程中的作用。结果表明0.5mg/LNAA是诱导胚性愈伤组织最适宜的生长素浓度,添加一定比例的6-BA可有效促进体细胞胚的发生;在附加激素浓度分别低于0.1mg/LNAA和0.5mg/L6-BA的MS培养基上,体细胞胚能发育成完整的植株。因此,一定浓度的生长素是诱导紫叶酢浆草胚性愈伤组织的关键因素,细胞分裂素在体细胞胚的发生和发育过程中起增效作用。     

Asymmetric cell divisions promote stratification and differentiation of mammalian skin

The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium forming the barrier that excludes harmful microbes and retains body fluids. To perform these functions, proliferative basal cells in the innermost layer periodically detach from an underlying basement membrane of extracellular matrix, move outward and eventually die. Once suprabasal, cells stop dividing and enter a differentiation programme to form the barrier. The mechanism of stratification is poorly understood. Although studies in vitro have led to the view that stratification occurs through the delamination and subsequent movement of epidermal cells, most culture conditions favour keratinocytes that lack the polarity and cuboidal morphology of basal keratinocytes in tissue. These features could be important in considering an alternative mechanism, that stratification occurs through asymmetric cell divisions in which the mitotic spindle orients perpendicularly to the basement membrane. Here we show that basal epidermal cells use their polarity to divide asymmetrically, generating a committed suprabasal cell and a proliferative basal cell. We further demonstrate that integrins and cadherins are essential for the apical localization of atypical protein kinase C, the Par3-LGN-Inscuteable complex and NuMA-dynactin to align the spindle.