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Gerard A. J. M. Jagers op Akkerhuis 《Foundations of Science》2010,15(3):245-262
Despite hundreds of definitions, no consensus exists on a definition of life or on the closely related and problematic definitions
of the organism and death. These problems retard practical and theoretical development in, for example, exobiology, artificial
life, biology and evolution. This paper suggests improving this situation by basing definitions on a theory of a generalized
particle hierarchy. This theory uses the common denominator of the “operator” for a unified ranking of both particles and
organisms, from elementary particles to animals with brains. Accordingly, this ranking is called “the operator hierarchy”.
This hierarchy allows life to be defined as: matter with the configuration of an operator, and that possesses a complexity
equal to, or even higher than the cellular operator. Living is then synonymous with the dynamics of such operators and the
word organism refers to a select group of operators that fit the definition of life. The minimum condition defining an organism
is its existence as an operator, construction thus being more essential than metabolism, growth or reproduction. In the operator
hierarchy, every organism is associated with a specific closure, for example, the nucleus in eukaryotes. This allows death
to be defined as: the state in which an organism has lost its closure following irreversible deterioration of its organization.
The generality of the operator hierarchy also offers a context to discuss “life as we do not know it”. The paper ends with
testing the definition’s practical value with a range of examples. 相似文献
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达米特提出的“指称不是意义的一个成分”的命题,在意义理论中具有重要的作用。对该命题的论证,从一个新的视角论证了弗雷格关于含义和指称的区别,论证了含义概念和含义理论的必要性,是对等同论证和认知论证的补充。 相似文献
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启蒙以后出现的理性的高扬、信仰的失落,导致了生态危机和人的意义危机。生态伦理学重建人的信仰——对生命和自然的信仰,它是一种生命信仰、道德信仰,从最根本的意义上说,是哲学信仰。它具有信仰的超越性、优位性特点,但只有将科学理性、哲学理性、情感和意志合一,才能重建非人类中心主义生态伦理信仰,人类才能走出生态危机和意义危机。 相似文献
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针灸铜人是与中国针灸疗法相关联的实用模型与文化载体,最晚在公元14世纪已传至日本,在江户时代,日本自制针灸铜人呈现出蓬勃发展的趋势.本文扼要梳理日本江户时代的针灸业发展特点,论证其流派授学、执业宣传等对针灸铜人的市场需求;在客观层面,说明纸质铜人在江户时代备受青睐这一特殊文化现象的现实原因;在主观层面,结合江户造纸业的... 相似文献
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略论字母词的定义与定位 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
文章对字母词界定的不同认识做出综述,进而提出了自己的见解。文章认为,字母词中,有的是汉语词汇系统的临时成员,有的已经成为正式成员。字母词在引入和使用上方便快捷,能够确保不改变原来的语义,因此,在社会生活,尤其科技领域还会得到更充分的发展。 相似文献
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Rob Hengeveld 《Foundations of Science》2011,16(4):323-325
In my response to the paper by Jagers op Akkerhuis, I object against giving definitions of life, since they bias anything that follows. As we don’t know how life originated, authors characterise life using criteria derived from present-day properties, thus emphasising widely different ones, which gives bias to their further analysis. This makes their results dependent on their initial suppositions, which introduces circularity in their reasoning. 相似文献
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科学知识的发展变化问题是20世纪科学哲学所关注的核心论题之一。纵观20世纪科学哲学的发展,主要地形成了三种解释模式:逻辑一理性论模式、认知论模式和社会学模式。虽然在20世纪的最后30年认知主义者和科学知识社会学家都对逻辑一理性论进行了猛烈的批判,但它们也未能对科学知识的变化问题给出令人满意的说明。对科学知识发展变化的完全说明应是这三种模式的有机统一。 相似文献
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马克思、恩格斯、毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民和胡锦涛的科技思想是自主创新思想形成的理论渊源。马克思和恩格斯赞扬科学新发现并看到了使用新机器的作用,论证了自主创新的重要作用;毛泽东主张自力更生和百花齐放,百家争鸣思想,提出了自主创新的主要原则和体制保障;邓小平强调科学技术是第一生产力思想,明确了自主创新的发展方向;江泽民的科技创新思想影响了自主创新思想产生;胡锦涛全面系统的诠释了自主创新的内涵,建构了自主创新思想体系。 相似文献
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休闲教育:个体生命与生活世界的需求 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
促进个体生命的完善与圆满是休闲教育的根本目的,而生活世界是个体生命生存与生活的现实世界。休闲教育正是在促进日常生活世界和非日常生活世界的相互融合中,不断提升个体生命的质量。 相似文献
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五行说中的金、木、水、火、土并不是构成世界的五种元素,而是中国上古定居农业时代的五大生产要素.五行相生相克关系是对当时农业社会中的重要生产过程和方法的反映和总结.从技术的角度探讨五行学说的起源,为理解中国古代科技和文化提供一种新思路. 相似文献
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John E. Stewart 《Foundations of Science》2010,15(4):395-409
The evolution of life on Earth has produced an organism that is beginning to model and understand its own evolution and the
possible future evolution of life in the universe. These models and associated evidence show that evolution on Earth has a
trajectory. The scale over which living processes are organized cooperatively has increased progressively, as has its evolvability.
Recent theoretical advances raise the possibility that this trajectory is itself part of a wider developmental process. According
to these theories, the developmental process has been shaped by a yet larger evolutionary dynamic that involves the reproduction
of universes. This evolutionary dynamic has tuned the key parameters of the universe to increase the likelihood that life
will emerge and produce outcomes that are successful in the larger process (e.g. a key outcome may be to produce life and
intelligence that intentionally reproduces the universe and tunes the parameters of ‘offspring’ universes). Theory suggests
that when life emerges on a planet, it moves along this trajectory of its own accord. However, at a particular point evolution
will continue to advance only if organisms emerge that decide to advance the developmental process intentionally. The organisms
must be prepared to make this commitment even though the ultimate nature and destination of the process is uncertain, and
may forever remain unknown. Organisms that complete this transition to intentional evolution will drive the further development
of life and intelligence in the universe. Humanity’s increasing understanding of the evolution of life in the universe is
rapidly bringing it to the threshold of this major evolutionary transition. 相似文献
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知识论思维方式的希腊源头 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
泰勒斯提出“万物的本原是水”的哲学命题,是认识世界万物理性观点的开始,其后的思想家在寻求万物本原的思路上逐步形成一种认知世界的思维形式:一种原初形态的“假设一分析”的逻辑思维;赫拉克利特挖掘了思维中“逻各斯”的认知能力;巴门尼德在思维能力与本质存在之间确立一一对应关系,从而建构并确立了具有普遍意义的、获取知识而不是意见的认知模式,后者成为后来西方哲学和科学认知的知识论基础。 相似文献
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文章主要目的是研究惰性气体元素中文名词氦、氖、氩、氪、氙、氡的形成。在19世纪末,这些元素名词是以意译方式出现,如阴(氩)与曦(氦)。在1907年《化学语汇》第一次提出氩、氦、氪等音译名词后,惰性气体元素中文译名便开始往音译名词上发展。而氖字,可能最早出现于1908年。氙字是首次出现在1933年出版的《化学命名原则》,然而在此前一年在化学讨论会所通过的是氤。至于氡字,是在1937年教育部所举行的化学名词审查会议中所决定的。 相似文献