白菜内生细菌的分布规律初探

为了探明细菌在白菜体内的分布规律,有目的地开发生防制剂,进行了华良六号和上海五月慢2个白菜品种不同器官中内生细菌的数量分布及菌的特性研究。研究结果表明:白菜的种子、根、茎、叶中均存在大量的内生细菌,内生细菌的分布特点因不同品种和不同器官而存在一定的差异,根中的内生细菌数量比其它器官中要多,内生细菌以G 菌和芽胞杆菌为优势菌群,种子中内生细菌数量多的品种,其各器官中的内生细菌数量也相对要多。内生细菌在植株中的分布数量受培养条件的影响,在无菌栽培条件下,内生细菌的数量要比在自然土栽培条件下的数量多。     

Die lokale Leukozytenreaktion bei der intraperitonealen Infektion der Maus mitE. coli

Summary Intraperitoneal aggregation of leucocytes is produced in an identical manner by intraperitoneal application of different amounts of living and dead bacteria and bacterial products. The maximum accumulation occurs with medium dosages of bacteria or their products, with high dosages no leucocytic accumulation is produced. Pretreatment with selected LPS of bacteria enhances the intraperitoneal accumulation of leucocytes also with the high amounts of bacteria, whereas the reaction in not pretreated with LPS is suppressed. Parallel to the increase of the intraperitoneal leucocytic accumulation the animals are protected against the infection with high amounts of bacteria, to which they succumb if not pretreated with LPS.     

The role of conjugative transposons in spreading antibiotic resistance between bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract

There is huge potential for genetic exchange to occur within the dense, diverse anaerobic microbial population inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals. However, the incidence of conjugative transposons (CTns) and the antibiotic resistance genes they carry has not been well studied among this population. Since any incoming bacteria, including pathogens, can access this reservoir of genes, this oversight would appear to be an important one. Recent evidence has shown that anaerobic bacteria native to the rumen or hindgut harbour both novel antibiotic resistance genes and novel conjugative transposons. These CTns, and previously characterized CTns, can be transferred to a wide range of commensal bacteria under laboratory and in vivo conditions. The main evidence that gene transfer occurs widely in vivo between GIT bacteria, and between GIT bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, is that identical resistance genes are present in diverse bacterial species from different hosts.     

Comparison of the production rates of bacteria in the rumen estimated by using labelled live and formaldehyde treated mixed bacterial cells

The bacteria production rates in the rumen have been estimated by injecting 14C- and 35S-labelled mixed rumen bacteria, either live or killed by treatment with formaldehyde, into the rumen and applying isotope dilution technique. The rate of bacteria production when estimated by using either live- or dead-(protected-)labelled bacterial cells were comparable.     

Ecology and physiology of phototrophic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine salterns

Marine salterns are habitats for a large variety of halophilic bacteria. In the anoxic zones, halophilic sulfur bacteria develop mainly at the sediment surface, but only a few of them have so far been isolated from such environments. Among the phototrophic sulfur bacteria that sometimes form purple layers underneath the green cyanobacterial layers, members of the generaEctothiodhodospira, Chromatium (C. salexigens), Thiocapsa (T. halophila) were isolated. They grow by using sulfide as an electron donor. In the marine salterns, sulfide originates from active sulfate reduction. Among the halophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, onlyDesulfovibrio halophilus andDesulfohalobium retbaense have so far been isolated. The ecology and physiology of both kinds of bacteria are discussed in this paper.     

Prokaryote-eukaryote interactions in trace element metabolism.Desulfovibrio sp. inHelix aspersa

Summary Snails (Helix aspersa) contain sulphate-reducing bacteria in their crops. Feeding such animals on food containing sulphate and molybdate ions does not induce a copper deficiency and in fact the bacteria appear to facilitate metal absorption. This is in contrast to the effects of these bacteria in ruminant cattle.     

Ähnlichkeit und Unterschied Leukozytenemigrationsfördernder Wirkung gram-positiver und gram-negativer Bakterien

Summary Live gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause circular and chemotactic eccentric promotion of leucocyte emigration in a similar manner. In the case of gramnegative bacteria this effect corresponds to that of their polysaccharides, whereas in the case of gram-positive bacteria the polysaccharides are inactive.Thus, although gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria both have a similar effect on leucocyte emigration, the underlying mechanism of action is different.     

Comparison of the production rates of bacteria in the rumen estimated by using labelled live and formaldehyde treated mixed bacterial cells

Summary The bacteria production rates in the rumen have been estimated by injecting¹⁴C- and³⁵S-labelled mixed rumen bacteria, either live or killed by treatment with formaldehyde, into the rumen and applying isotope dilution technique. The rate of bacteria production when estimated by using either live- or dead-(protected-)labelled bacterial cells were comparable.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascaris</Emphasis> nematodes from pig and human make three anti-bacterial peptides: isolation of cecropin P1 and two ASABF peptides

Organisms co-habiting with bacteria have developed efficient bactericidal agents to control their microbe-rich environment. The Ascaris nematode lives in its final development stages in the gut of its host and is believed to feed on bacteria. Ascaris suum survive in pig intestine while A. lumbricoides is the principal species in humans. Here we show that A. suum and A. lumbricoides both produce linear (cecropin P1) and cysteine-rich (ASABF) peptides with activity against either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Thus nematodes rely in part on a peptide-based antibacterial system for digestion of bacteria, which may also confer protection against infection. Cecropin P1 was previously isolated from pig intestine but we can now conclude that was due to contaminating nematodes.     

L'acide thymonucléique polymérisé, principe paraissant susceptible de déterminer la spécificité sérologique et l'équipement enzymatique des bactéries. Signification pour la biochimie de l'hérédité

Summary Interactions between two types of bacteria can produce either inhibition of the growth of one of these bacteria or transformation of their biochemical or antigenic properties. Authors have shown and studied one case of induction of a new serological specificity and a new enzymic equipment in aBacterium coli. This induction was produced through a substance liberated, during autolysis, by an otherBacterium coli. Active principle is a thymonucleic acid which, maybe, results from a solubilisation of chromosomes of the inductor bacteria. Hypothesis appears likely.     

Effect of pH on bacteria in early log phase]

The bacteria harvested in the early log phase lyse when they are submitted to a pH above 10. The peptidoglycan is not degraded in these conditions. Thus, the authors used these properties to extract the peptidoglycan from several gram negative and gram positive bacteria.     

Inhibitory effect of bacterial ubiquinones on the settling of barnacle,Balanus amphitrite

In an attempt to clarify the influence of marine bacteria on the settling of fouling invertebrate larvae, we screened for inhibitors, produced by marine bacteria, of settling by cyprids of the barnacle,Balamus amphitrite. We found that the culture broth ofAlteromonas sp. strain number KK10304, which was associated with the marine sponge,Halichondria okadai, effectively inhibited settling of the cyprids. Bioassay-guided isolation indicated ubiquinone-8 (1) as an effective inhibitor of cyprid settling. As ubiquinones are widely distributed in bacteria, several related compounds were also tested.     

Two classes of metabolites fromTheonella swinhoei are localized in distinct populations of bacterial symbionts

The marine spongeTheonella swinhoei (lithistid Family Theonellidae, Order Astrophorida) has yielded many important, bioactive natural products, most of which share structural features with bacterial natural products. The presence of microbial symbionts inT. swinhoei has been reported, and it was originally suggested that the cytotoxic macrolide swinholide A and many of the bioactive cyclic peptides fromT. swinhoei were all produced by symbiotic cyanobacteria. By transmission electron microscopy, we found four distinct cell populations to be consistently present inT. swinhoei: eukaryotic sponge cells, unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, unicellular cyanobacteria and filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Purification and chemical analyses of each cell type showed the macrolide swinholide A to be limited to the mixed population of unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, and an anti-fungal cyclic peptide occurred only in the filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Contrary to prior speculation, no major metabolites were located in the cyanobacteria or sponge cells.     

Molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated microbial immunity

Bacteriophages (phages) infect bacteria in order to replicate and burst out of the host, killing the cell, when reproduction is completed. Thus, from a bacterial perspective, phages pose a persistent lethal threat to bacterial populations. Not surprisingly, bacteria evolved multiple defense barriers to interfere with nearly every step of phage life cycles. Phages respond to this selection pressure by counter-evolving their genomes to evade bacterial resistance. The antagonistic interaction between bacteria and rapidly diversifying viruses promotes the evolution and dissemination of bacteriophage-resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, an adaptive microbial immune system, named clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and which provides acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids, has been identified. Unlike the restriction–modification anti-phage barrier that subjects to cleavage any foreign DNA lacking a protective methyl-tag in the target site, the CRISPR–Cas systems are invader-specific, adaptive, and heritable. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of interference/immunity provided by different CRISPR–Cas systems.     

Two sulfur-containing ansamycin antibiotics from Streptomyces albolongus

Two sulfur-containing ansamycin antibiotics were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces albolongus C-46366; the major one was identical with awamycin and the minor one was a new ansamycin antibiotic, ansathiazin. Their structures were elucidated from their reactions and spectroscopic analyses. These antibiotics were active against gram-positive bacteria, acid-fast bacteria and a protozoan.     

Cell wall polymers in Archaea (Archaebacteria)

The distribution of the various cell wall and cell envelope (S-layer) polymers among the main lineages of the domain Archaea (Archaebacteria) and the chemical composition and primary structure of polymers forming rigid cell wall sacculi is described. Differences between bacteria and archaea in their sensitivity to antibiotics which inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria are discussed.     

Protein transport across and into cell membranes in bacteria and archaea

In the three domains of life, the Sec, YidC/Oxa1, and Tat translocases play important roles in protein translocation across membranes and membrane protein insertion. While extensive studies have been performed on the endoplasmic reticular and Escherichia coli systems, far fewer studies have been done on archaea, other Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, work carried out to date has shown that there are differences in the protein transport systems in terms of the number of translocase components and, in some cases, the translocation mechanisms and energy sources that drive translocation. In this review, we will describe the different systems employed to translocate and insert proteins across or into the cytoplasmic membrane of archaea and bacteria.     

稻草还田少免耕对稻田土微生物及酶活性的影响

为探明少免耕和稻草覆盖对土壤生物特征的影响,合理利用稻草覆盖及耕作制度来保障土壤的可持续利用,研究了33％（约2500ks／hm^2）、67％（约5000kg／hm^2）、100％（约7500kg/hm^2）稻草覆盖少免耕对稻田土微生物区系及活性的影响。定位试验2年后,少免耕与稻草覆盖提高了稻田土好气性细菌数量、真菌数量和微生物活度,但厌气性细菌和放线菌的数量则略减少。33％和67％稻草还田时,翻耕土壤的好气性细菌和厌气性细菌数量均高于免耕和少耕土壤。33％稻草还田时,免耕和少耕土壤的放线菌和真菌数量均高于翻耕土壤。同时,少免耕提高了土壤木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,也提高了土壤微生物活度、氨化作用强度和硝化作用强度。少量稻草还田少耕要优于少量稻草还田翻耕和免耕。     

Origin and identification of bacteria which produce kairomones in the frass ofAcrolepiopsis assectella (Lep., Hyponomeutoidea)

The volatiles used by the parasitoidDiadromus pulchellus to find its host, the leek moth, are produced by the bacteria developing in the frass of the host larvae. The origin and the nature of these bacteria were investigated. Samples were taken from healthy leeks and from infested leeks in the field, as well as from the frass of larvae reared in the laboratory either on the host plant or on an artificial diet. The various species of bacteria identified were cultured in the presence of precursors of leek sulphur volatiles and their volatile emissions were analysed.Klebsiella oxytoca and variousBacillus, common decomposers of plant matter, were the principal species producing active volatiles which were alkyl disulphides.