14年生翅荚木生物量及生产力的研究

通过对位于顺昌的14年生翅荚木人工林生物量与生产力的研究,结果表明:翅荚木人工林平均胸径19.8 cm,平均树高22.4 m,密度525株.hm-2,平均单株生物量为181.26 kg,乔木层生物量95.17 t.hm-2,各器官组成比例大小顺序为:干(62.51%)>根(14.97%)>皮(12.43%)>枝(7.67%)>叶(2.42%),活枝和活叶生物量主要分配在19~22 m;人工林生态系统总生物量为96.25 t.hm-2,其中乔木层占98.98%,灌木层占0.24%,草木层占0.78%.与其它阔叶树相比,翅荚木平均木年平均生长量较高,是一种适合生产上推广的速生树种.     

不同密度和植株配置形状的杨树人工林细根生物量特征研究

【目的】研究不同栽植密度与植株配置形状下杨树人工林细根生物量在生长季中的动态变化,了解人工林地下生理生态过程(尤其是根系效应)的响应规律,为合理调控杨树人工林栽植密度并提高人工林地上部分生产力提供参考。【方法】选取栽植年份为10 a的杨树人工林作为试验林分,设置两种密度(低密度株行距:6 m×6 m和4.5 m×8 m。高密度株行距:5 m×5 m和3 m ×8 m)和两种栽植形状(正方形配置株行距:6 m×6 m和5 m×5 m。长方形配置株行距:4.5 m×8 m和3 m×8 m)共4个处理,每种密度和配置设置3个重复,共计12块样地。在每块样地中随机选取2株树,利用完整土块法在距树干60 cm处进行根系取样。分析比较细根[直径(d)≤2 mm]总生物量、不同直径等级(每0.5 mm为1个直径等级)细根生物量和生长季不同月份(5、7、9、11月)的细根生物量在不同密度和植株配置形状处理下的差异。【结果】①林分密度对细根总生物量的影响并不显著,但对生长季中前期(5、7月)细根生物量和小直径细根(d≤1 mm)生物量具有显著影响,生长季前期的小直径细根生物量均表现为高密度林分高于低密度林分;林分密度对细根生物量的影响效应在两种植株配置方式下具有相似的规律。②植株的配置形状对细根生物量具有显著的影响,但因不同生长阶段和林分密度而有所差异。总体上,正方形配置(5 m×5 m和6 m×6 m)的林分细根生物量要高于长方形配置(3 m×8 m和4.5 m×8 m)的细根生物量(除9、11月的低密度林分),尤其是在5月和7月的细根生物量和小直径细根生物量;③在不同植株配置形状中,正方形配置(5 m×5 m和6 m×6 m)的林分均匀度较高,细根生物量在株间与行间方向上并无显著差异;而长方形配置(3 m×8 m和4.5 m×8 m)的林分在株间与行间方向上细根生物量存在显著差异,且两种长方形配置的林分细根生物量在株行距方向上有截然相反的变化,4.5 m×8 m的林分行间方向的细根生物量比株间方向的高,而3 m×8 m林分的行间方向上的细根生物量比株间方向的低。【结论】林分密度和植株配置形状在整个生长季对细根总生物量没有显著影响;林分密度和植株配置形状都对小直径细根生物量存在显著影响,主要表现在生长季细根快速生长的5—7月;正方形配置方式更有利于杨树细根的生长,细根能充分占据利用土体空间,而长方形配置在一定程度上会造成根系挤压或竞争,同时造成土地浪费。     

杉木人工林不同密度管理定向培育大径材

通过不同经营密度杉木人工林生长进程的比较分析可知,在相同年龄下,杉木林树高、胸径和材积总生长量、连年生长量和平均生长量均随密度降低而增大,且密度小的林分连年生长量和平均生长量相交的时间推迟2～4 a,林木生长的速生期有延长的趋势,呈现出较强的生长后劲.密度管理是杉木大径材定向培育的关键措施,培育杉木大径材应在10 a前后,并且适时调整林分密度,以适当增加立木中大径木所占比例,促进大径木成材.保留密度以1 200株·hm-2左右较为适宜,可获得较高的大径材种出材量,提高单位面积的木材产量.     

日本落叶松人工林生物量及生产力的研究

在长岭岗国营林场调查了日本落叶松人工林林分24块标准地，并测定了单株平均木的各器官生物量，结果表明：应用W=a（D^2H）^b模型来估测日本落叶松人工林生物量，其相关程度达显著水平；日本落叶松人工林单株林木各器官的生物量随年龄变化符合理查德（Richards）生长方程；日本落叶松人工林单株林木生物量年平均生长量在26a时达到顶峰；日本落叶松人工林林分生物量24a时达293．40t／hm^2，生产力为20．78t/（hm^2．a）．     

桂东南丘陵地马尾松人工林群落生物量及分布格局

采用样方收获和分级取样测定法,对16a生马尾松人工林生物量的积累及分配进行了研究.结果表明:马尾松人工林各器官生物量模型与测树因子(D2H)存在极显著相关关系.16a生马尾松人工林分总生物量为110.449thm-2,群落生物量分布格局为乔木层>死地被物>草本>灌木;马尾松人工林乔木层生物量主要集中在10～20cm径阶范围,占整个乔木层生物量的83.01%,优势木和被压木对林分生物量的贡献不大,平均木构成了乔木层的主林层.乔木层各器官生物量的分布顺序为干材>枝条>根>干皮>叶;各器官生物量所占比例随着胸径的增大呈现不同趋势:干材与干皮积累的生物量所占比例逐步减小,而树枝、树叶、树根的相对比例在增加,马尾松的干、枝生物量差别逐渐缩小,生物量结构随着胸径的增大趋于稳定.     

基于密度效应模型尾叶桉人工林最优密度的研究

利用7种不同密度的尾叶桉人工林标准地材料,引入优势高变量因子建立密度效应抛物线式改进模型,该模型可使密度效应规律在不同立地条件及不同生长阶段得以体现。生产弹性分析结果表明：尾叶桉密度效应处于负效应阶段,当密度减少1 %时,平均单株材积增加0.452 0 %。边际产量分析结果表明：当其他条件不变时,每0.06 hm2面积上增加1株林木,单株平均材积减少0000 032 m3;优势木高每增加1.0 m,单株平均材积增加0.001 006 m3。利用该密度效应模型确定不同立地条件下尾叶桉林分最优密度,得出当林分年龄等于地位指数推算的基准年龄(6 a)时(即主伐年龄为6 a),15~20地位指数尾叶桉人工林最优密度分别为1 237、1 492、1 779、2 100、2 458和2 853株/hm2。     

萌芽更新与植苗更新对尾巨桉人工林收获的影响

应用相对生长法和样方收获法对萌芽更新和植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量及生产力进行研究.结果表明:相同密度条件下,植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量高于萌芽更新人工林;当密度为1097株/hm2时,植苗更新和萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林的生物量分别为79.193 t/hm2和68.682 t/hm2,年平均净生产量分别为23.998 t/hm2和21.463 t/hm2.植苗更新和萌芽更新人工林群落净生产量排序由高到低依次为:乔木层、枯枝落叶层、灌木层、草本层.萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林生物量随保留密度的增加而增加.不同更新模式尾巨桉林分干材、干皮、枝、叶、根系的生物量分别占总生物量的60.50%～60.86%、5.62%～5.89%、10.88%～11.23%、4.11%～4.54%和18.1%～18.27%.林分生物量分配的大小排序为:干材、根系、枝、干皮、叶.     

沿海木麻黄防护林不同配置模式的防护效应

为探讨配置模式对海岸防护林防护效应的影响,从2006年11月到2007年3月在东山岛用野外调查的方法对海岸木麻黄防护林的防护效应进行了研究.结果表明:木麻黄×厚荚相思混交林(1∶4)的防护效应＞厚荚相思×湿地松、刚果桉×湿地松＞厚荚相思×湿地松(3∶1);木麻黄林防护效应随林分密度和郁闭度增大而增大,密度为2205株/m2的林分比3375株/m2的林分提高2.4%,比875株/m2的林分增大15.7%.     

三种速生人工林凋落物的持水性能

在广西国营高峰林场界牌分场选择立地条件、营林和管理措施、林分长势基本一致的5年生尾巨桉无性系3229(Eucalyptus3229)、厚荚相思(Acaciac rassicarpa)和马占相思(Acacia mangium)速生人工林,采集林下凋落物测定单位面积储量、持水量、持水率和持水速率,研究3种速生树种人工林下凋落物的持水性能。结果表明,厚荚相思凋落物的持水量和持水率最大,分别达18.40×103kg.hm-2和70%,尾巨桉3229的次之,分别为17.34×103kg.hm-2和50%,马占相思的最小,分别是13.49×103kg.hm-2和45%。厚荚相思和尾巨桉无性系3229的持水性能比马占相思的强。     

杨树人工林生物量估计方法与应用

为了以杨树人工林的森林资源调查资料估算其生物量,利用SPSS12.0软件,根据林木相对生长法则对河南省武陟县23株Ⅰ-72杨样木生物量实测值进行模型拟合,并结合样地资料,拟合了生物量扩展因子(BEF)、树根生物量与地上部分生物量的比值(RSR)及与林分调查因子的回归方程,最后利用林分蓄积及木材密度等算出杨树林的生物量.结果表明,杨树的生物量扩展因子BEF值为1.3左右、RSR值为0.14～0.6,并随着林分平均高、胸高断面积、林龄、林分蓄积的增大而减小.经检验,利用生物量扩展因子法估算杨树人工林的生物量具有很好的精度,说明可以利用森林资源调查资料估算杨树人工林的生物量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that