泵站进水流道设计理论的新进展

针对传统的进水流道设计理论建立在一维流动的基础上,存在着难以自圆其说的矛盾的情况,计算、分析了进水流道内的基本流态,简要介绍了建立在三维流动理论基础上的进水流道优化水力设计的基本思路,给出各种形式进水流道优化水力设计的主要结果及工程应用实例。     

生物材料的3D打印研究进展

在生物医药领域,通过对生物材料或活细胞进行3D打印,可构建复杂生物三维结构如个性化植入体、可再生人工骨、体外细胞三维结构体、人工器官等,因而基于生物3D打印在个性化定制及复杂结构调控制造上的独特优势,综述了生物3D打印技术的基本工艺、应用领域与研究进展.重点针对3D打印生物材料这一研究热点,全面讨论了喷墨打印和注射挤出打印两种路径,分析总结了3D打印相关生物材料并应用于体外模型、医疗器械和植入体的制造以及可降解组织支架、细胞三维结构体的构建,最后对该技术未来发展趋势和研究重点提出展望.     

Intercalation of alkylamines into an organic polymer crystal

Organic solid-state synthesis allows formation of products that are difficult or impossible to produce by conventional methods. This feature, and the high degree of reaction selectivity that can be achieved, is a direct result of the control over the relative orientation of the reactants afforded by the solid state. But as the successful development of 'topochemical reactions' requires the careful design of suitable reactant crystals, the range of both reactions and products amenable to this approach has been limited. However, recent advances in organic crystal engineering, particularly the rational design of complex solid architectures through supramolecular preorganization, have renewed interest in topochemical reactions. Previously, we have orientated muconate monomers--diene moieties with a carboxylate group on each end--using long-chain n-alkylammonium ions, such that the topochemical photopolymerization of the solid-state reactants produces layered crystals of stereoregular and high-molecular-mass polymers. Here we show that these polymer crystals are capable of repeated, reversible intercalation by conversion to the analogous poly(carboxylic acid), followed by transformation into a number of poly(alkylammonium muconate)s upon addition of the appropriate amine. Introduction of functional groups into these crystals may allow the design of organic solids for applications such as molecular recognition, separation and catalysis, thereby extending the range and practical utility of current intercalation compounds.     

用四面体结构磁偶极子对内窥镜定位探头微型化的研究

介绍使用磁场方式来测定微型内窥镜探头在人体内三维位置及姿态角的一种方法 .根据位于正四面体上的六对极性相反的磁偶极子线圈在其周围空间产生的磁场以及附着于内窥镜探头上的磁场传感器在该磁场空间任意点以任意姿态感应磁场时所获得的信号 ,建立以空间位置 (x ,y ,z) ,姿态角 (α ,β)为未知数的五元非线性方程组 .求解该非线性方程组 ,就可以由磁场传感器所获得的测量数据计算出对应的一组位置和姿态 (x ,y ,z,α ,β) 信息 ,从而实现微型内窥镜探头的三维定位和跟踪     

Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index

Metamaterials are artificially engineered structures that have properties, such as a negative refractive index, not attainable with naturally occurring materials. Negative-index metamaterials (NIMs) were first demonstrated for microwave frequencies, but it has been challenging to design NIMs for optical frequencies and they have so far been limited to optically thin samples because of significant fabrication challenges and strong energy dissipation in metals. Such thin structures are analogous to a monolayer of atoms, making it difficult to assign bulk properties such as the index of refraction. Negative refraction of surface plasmons was recently demonstrated but was confined to a two-dimensional waveguide. Three-dimensional (3D) optical metamaterials have come into focus recently, including the realization of negative refraction by using layered semiconductor metamaterials and a 3D magnetic metamaterial in the infrared frequencies; however, neither of these had a negative index of refraction. Here we report a 3D optical metamaterial having negative refractive index with a very high figure of merit of 3.5 (that is, low loss). This metamaterial is made of cascaded 'fishnet' structures, with a negative index existing over a broad spectral range. Moreover, it can readily be probed from free space, making it functional for optical devices. We construct a prism made of this optical NIM to demonstrate negative refractive index at optical frequencies, resulting unambiguously from the negative phase evolution of the wave propagating inside the metamaterial. Bulk optical metamaterials open up prospects for studies of 3D optical effects and applications associated with NIMs and zero-index materials such as reversed Doppler effect, superlenses, optical tunnelling devices, compact resonators and highly directional sources.     

基于逆向工程的呼吸面罩设计

提出了利用逆向工程技术进行呼吸面罩个性化设计的方法.利用逆向工程方法获得了三维面部模型,基于人体面部的逆向造型提取出面部的特征点与特征曲线,并就典型的特征曲线进行曲面设计,完成呼吸面罩的造型设计.利用Surfacer与Pro/Engineer软件实现了特定人脸呼吸面罩的造型设计.     

Chromosome sorting and its applications in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome sequencing

The large genome size (～17000 Mb) and complicated DNA structures of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) hamper its genome sequencing.By means of flow cytometry,systematic investigations on individual chromosome sorting have been carried out to construct chromosome-specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries since the 1980s.Several wheat chromosome-specific BAC libraries,such as chromosome 3B,three D genome chromosomes (1D,4D and 6D),and the short arm of chromosome 1B,have been developed,and the ph...     

Several key problems in automatic layout design of spacecraft modules

Computer-aided layout design of spacecraft modules, such as satellite modules and manned spaceship modules, is of great significance and egregious complexity. It is known as a combinatorial optimization and NPC problem in mathematics, a conceptual design and complex system in engineering. The main difficulties include representation and formulation of the problem in mathematics and the solution strategy and pragmatic approaches in engineering practice. After a brief survey of the state-of-the-art in relevant fields, this paper summarizes the research work of the authors' group on automatic layout design of spacecraft modules in the last 15 years, mainly focusing on 5 key problems. They are modeling and problem-solving algorithms, interference calculation, theory and applications of layout topological pattern, decision-making in layout design, and their pragmatic approaches in engineering practice.     

过程模拟法重建三维数字岩芯的准确性评价

由于利用X 射线CT 扫描获得反映真实岩石微观结构的三维数字岩芯过于昂贵和费时,因此,正确评价利用岩芯二维薄片图像重建三维数字岩芯的准确性具有重要理论和应用价值。采用过程模拟法,依据岩芯的二维薄片图像,通过模拟真实岩石的形成过程沉积过程,压实过程和成岩作用重建了三维数字岩芯,并且应用局部孔隙度分布函数和平均渗流概率函数进行了重建三维数字岩芯的准确性评价。结果表明：过程模拟法重建的三维数字岩芯与真实岩芯具有相同的均匀性和连通性,且重建三维数字岩芯与真实数字岩芯都是各向同性的。重建的三维数字岩芯不仅可以用来表征真实岩芯的孔隙结构,而且也可以作为其他岩石物理属性模拟的基础。     

用OpenGL和MFC实现NURBS曲面的绘制及裁剪

NURBS方法因其表示法的同一性、形状控制灵活性，在曲面造型和重构中具有重要作用．该文通过分析，完成了在MFC中用OpenGL实现NURBS曲面的绘制及裁剪，为在逆向工程中实现基于型值点的曲面拟合和裁剪奠定了基础．     

基于磁场方式的内窥镜体内三维定位方法研究

介绍使用磁场方式来测定内窥镜探头在人体内三维位置及姿态角的一种方法 .根据 3个互相正交的圆环线圈在其周围空间产生的三维磁场以及附着于内窥镜探头上的 3个相互正交的磁场传感器在该磁场空间任意点以任意姿态感应磁场时所获得的信号 ,建立以空间位置 (x、y、z) ,姿态角 (a、b、c)为未知数的六元非线性方程组 .求解该非线性方程组 ,就可以由磁场传感器所获得的测量数据计算出对应的一组位置和姿态 (x ,y ,z ,a ,b ,c) 信息 ,从而实现内窥镜探头的三维定位和跟踪 .     

颗粒增强复合材料显微组织的计算机仿真

用计算机仿真了颗粒增强复合材料的显微组织,在仿真中考虑了颗粒的形状、尺寸、体积分数和空间分布,结果表明,结合颗粒几何数据的蒙特卡罗方法可以模拟颗粒增强复合材料的各种三维显微组织,计算机仿真显微组织可以作为研究颗粒增强复合材料显微组织定量表征的三维数字化模型,同时可以作为颗粒复合材料加工过程数值仿真和细观力学计算的显微组织模型。     

空心车轴径向锻造工艺的模拟研究

针对高速铁路所用的新型空心车轴,在50钢热力学模拟试验的基础上提出了在卧式径向精密锻造机上锻造空心车轴的工艺方案,采用DEFORM-3D有限元软件进行模拟分析,确定了各主要工艺参数,并模拟了整个精锻过程,在对应力、应变分布研究的基础上,分析该工艺变形机制与规律,为其工程设计提供依据.     

Low-populated folding intermediates of Fyn SH3 characterized by relaxation dispersion NMR

Many biochemical processes proceed through the formation of functionally significant intermediates. Although the identification and characterization of such species can provide vital clues about the mechanisms of the reactions involved, it is challenging to obtain information of this type in cases where the intermediates are transient or present only at low population. One important example of such a situation involves the folding behaviour of small proteins that represents a model for the acquisition of functional structure in biology. Here we use relaxation dispersion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify, for two mutational variants of one such protein, the SH3 domain from Fyn tyrosine kinase, a low-population folding intermediate in equilibrium with its unfolded and fully folded states. By performing the NMR experiments at different temperatures, this approach has enabled characterization of the kinetics and energetics of the folding process as well as providing structures of the intermediates. A general strategy emerges for an experimental determination of the energy landscape of a protein by applying this methodology to a series of mutants whose intermediates have differing degrees of native-like structure.     

利用三维有限元法计算爪极电机的磁场分布

爪极电机的设计是比较复杂的问题 ,因为其转子结构和磁场分布呈三维性 ;而爪极电机的磁场计算又是分析、设计爪极电机的基础 ,它对于爪极电机的参数计算、性能设计和采用永磁材料设计新型混合式爪极电机都具有十分重要地意义。文章阐述了用三维有限元法计算爪极电机磁场的一般性原理 ,通过三维场数值计算 ,对一台 3 5 A传统结构汽车用爪极发电机的磁场分布进行了计算和分析 ,并对该电机转子中引入永磁磁钢的改进型发电机进行了分析 ,其结果对于设计新型爪极电机具有一定的参考价值。     

管式发射巡飞弹的气动特点及设计

讨论了管式发射巡飞弹的气动特点和设计,分析了折叠翼的低雷诺数高升力翼型的气动特性、设计方法以及弹翼的折叠设计,并分析了柔性充气翼的发展、优缺点、气动特性以及目前存在的技术难题.研究结果表明,封装后的充气翼不会破坏机翼结构的整体性,体积降为展开体积的1/10,避开了传统飞行器复杂的折叠结构,质量也大为减轻.分析结果表明充气翼的发展优势以及巡飞弹气动一体化总体设计技术的重要性.     

Design of single-layer beta-sheets without a hydrophobic core

The hydrophobic effect is the main thermodynamic driving force in the folding of water-soluble proteins. Exclusion of nonpolar moieties from aqueous solvent results in the formation of a hydrophobic core in a protein, which has been generally considered essential for specifying and stabilizing the folded structures of proteins. Outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi contains a three-stranded beta-sheet segment which connects two globular domains. Although this single-layer beta-sheet segment is exposed to solvent on both faces and thus does not contain a hydrophobic core, the segment has a high conformational stability. Here we report the engineering of OspA variants that contain larger single-layer beta-sheets (comprising five and seven beta-strands) by duplicating a beta-hairpin unit within the beta-sheet. Nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses reveal that these extended single-layer beta-sheets are formed as designed, and amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange and chemical denaturation show that they are stable. Thus, interactions within the beta-hairpin unit and those between adjacent units, which do not involve the formation of a hydrophobic core, are sufficient to specify and stabilize the single-layer beta-sheet structure. Our results provide an expanded view of protein folding, misfolding and design.     

有机—无机纳米复合材料的研究进展

综述了有机－无机纳米复合材料的最新发展,包括该类材料的制备方法、性能研究和应用前景．三种主要的纳米复合技术为溶胶－凝胶法、嵌入法和纳米微粒填充法．纳米复合材料的光学和磁学等性能可用Ｍａｘｗｅｌ形态理论、层状结构理论和分形结构理论等来研究．这类材料已在力学、热学、电学、磁学、光学、宇航和生物仿生等领域表现出广泛的应用前景．     

基于钻孔信息的地层数据模型研究

为了建立城市三维数字地层信息管理系统 ,提出了一种适合工程地质和岩土工程学科特点的地层数据模型———基于钻孔信息的地层数据模型 .该模型采用了面向对象的方法 ,因此其数据结构的类层次关系、模型的构造过程等条理清晰 ,而且能与面向对象的编程语言有机结合 .同时 ,该模型借助于Delaunay三角网来构造二维和三维拓扑关系 ,大大简化了三维形体之间复杂的拓扑关系 ,而且借此可以处理地层数据模型中的断层等突变信息 .利用这一数据模型 ,可以较好地模拟三维地质实体的真实景观     

基于VRML的服装协同设计系统

基于虚拟现实技术，提出了一个服装协同设计的原型系统．该系统采用VRML技术构建，以三维服装模型为设计对象，为异地设计师交流协作提供了平台．分析了服装设计的特定要求，建立了该原型系统的各主要功能模块，探讨了组建该协同环境的关键技术．该系统是服装业应用虚拟现实技术实现数字化的一项有益尝试．