季铵盐A-1催化合成扁桃酸

分子结构为（Ｃ８～１０Ｈ１７～２１）３Ｎ＋ＣＨ３Ｃｌ－的季铵盐Ａ１经实验证明是合成扁桃酸的一种优良的相转移催化剂，其催化活性要优于其它短碳链的季铵盐和聚乙二醇．季铵盐Ａ１在分离过程中不乳化，使产物易于分离纯化，还可循环使用，且产率较高．     

新型高聚物相转移催化剂的合成及其催化性能

合成出具有聚乙氧基链和季铵盐双功能基的４种新型高聚物相转移催化剂ＰＳ－ＣＨ２（ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２）ｎＮ＋（Ｃ４Ｈ９）３Ｃｌ－（ｎ＝１，２，３，４）。考查了影响它们合成的因素，得出最佳合成条件，并确定其结构，将它们应用于乙苄醚和苯甲醚的合成反应，并同小分子催化剂ＰＥＧ－４００和四丁基溴化铵比较催化活性，结果表明增大烷基碳链碳原子数，在载体与活性中心之间引入隔离基和延长隔离基有助于催化活性的提高。     

CO2加H2合成甲醇反应中CuO／ZnAl2O4催化剂性能的研究

研究了制备条件对ＣＯ２加Ｈ２合成ＣＨ３ＯＨ反应中ＣｕＯ／ＺｎＡｌ２Ｏ４催化剂的性能及ＺｎＡｌ２Ｏ４尖晶石形成的影响。采用ＸＲＤ、ＢＥＴ、ＴＰＤ和ＦＴ－ＩＲ等测试技术，对催化剂晶相结构和表面物种进行了深入分析。结果表明，沉淀方法对催化活性具有重要影响；ＮａＣＯ３沉淀剂最有利于ＺｎＡｌ２Ｏ４尖晶石的形成；Ｚｎ／Ａｌ摩尔配比为０．２３／０．３８时，尖晶石形成最为完整，活性最好。经ＴＰＤ和ＦＴ－ＩＲ测试，     

铁体系催化丁二烯聚合反应催化剂相态的研究

通过Ｔｙｎｄａｌｌ效应，超过滤实验和电镜观察证明，Ｆｅ（ｎａｐｈ）２－Ａｌ（ｌ－Ｂｕ）３－ＣＨ２＝ＣＨＣＨ２Ｃｌ催化剂在加氢汽油溶剂中呈胶体分散系。Ｆｅ（ｎａｐｈ）２与Ａｌ（ｉ－Ｂｕ）３的反应是形式胶粒的基本反应。催化剂颗粒是无定型的。催化剂各组分的配比影响颗粒的形态，其中以较佳配比所得的催化剂粒较小，分布比较均匀，而且催化活怀高。由于是胶体催化剂，颗粒表面上的活性中心起催化作用，因此催化剂的利用     

改进型XC502低压甲醇合成催化剂的制备

采用离子掺杂价态补偿原理及正交试验方法,在三组份Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ低压甲醇合成催化剂中添加适量的ＩＶＢ族和ＶＢ族金属氧化物助剂,研制五组份多促进的Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ－Ｍ１－Ｍ２的甲醇合成催化剂ＸＣ５０２．实验结果表明,在５．０ＭＰａ、２４０℃的条件下,ＸＣ５０２催化剂耐热前的活性比Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ催化剂高约１０％,耐热后高约２９％;ＸＲＤ和ＤＴＡ表征显示,ＸＣ５０２催化剂前驱态含绿铜锌矿［（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ）（ＯＨ）２（ＣＯ３）］和孔雀石［（Ｃｕ２（ＯＨ）２ＣＯ３］构型的组份较多,分散度较好．这与ＸＣ５０２型催化剂具有低温高活性和较好的热稳定性密切相关．     

一氧化碳氧化的钯催化剂研究Ⅰ．钯催化剂性能和反应条件对催化活性的影响

用浸渍法制备了不同担载量的Ｐｄ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３和Ｐｔ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３催化剂，在固定床微反中测定了它们催化ＣＯ氧化为ＣＯ＿２的活性。结果表明，催化剂金属含量低于７×１０￣（－５）时，Ｐｄ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３的活性优于Ｐｔ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３。催化剂经高温（８００℃）水蒸汽预处理活性下降。稀释用的载体和ＧＨＳＶ在７５０～１５００ｈ￣（－１）范围内对催化活性没有明显影响。     

Cu—Mn—Pt／γ—Al2O3系列催化剂中组分间的活性增强效应

通过ＣＯ氧化活性测试，采用ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ、ＴＰＲ等方法表征，研究了Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｐｔ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３系列催化剂中组分间的活性增强效应，并对其固相结构和表面组成进行表征．结果表明：（１）氧化型ＣｕＭｎ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂中Ｃｕ和Ｍｎ之间存在一定的活性增强效应，两种活性组分发生协同作用；（２）还原型Ｐｔ－Ｃｕ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｐｔ－Ｍｎ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的氧化活性在系列中最高，Ｐｔ－Ｍｎ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的ＣＯ氧化活性增强效应最为显著．这与加人Ｐｔ后，Ｃｕ２＋易被还原，Ｃｕ＋明显增多有关；（３）同时含有Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ组分的几种催化剂中，催化剂表面上Ｃｕ均有一定富集，加人Ｐｔ后，表相以Ｃｕ＋为主．由于Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｐｔ三元催化剂的制备方法不同，以致氧化活性相差很大，共浸制备较分浸制备的催化剂活性要好的多．     

快速燃烧方法制备超细Cu／ZnO／Al_2O_3催化剂及其在CO_2与H_2合成

采用快速燃烧方法制备了超细Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂．考察了制备参数对催化剂的结构和性质的影响．在脲与ＮＯ－３摩尔比为０．２６、预置反应温度为５００℃时，制得了分散度较好、颗粒较细的Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂，其粒径和比表面分别为１６ｎｍ和９３．５ｍ２·ｇ－１．制备参数对ＣＯ２与Ｈ２合成甲醇反应中催化剂的催化性能有显著的影响．对制备过程和机理亦进行了较为详细的讨论．     

铜基甲醇合成催化剂的EPR表征

用ＥＰＲ谱法对铜基甲醇合成催化剂作表征。结果表明：在少量Ａｌ￣（３＋）掺杂的ＺｎＯ－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３体系可检测到ｇ＝１．９６０６±０．０００２，△Ｈｐｐ＝２．８Ｇ的顺磁信号，其强度随Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３掺杂量增加而增强，当Ａｌ／Ｚｎ～２／１００（原子比）时趋于峰值；而在三组份Ｃｕ－ＺｎＯ－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３和四组份Ｃｕ－ＺｎＯ－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３－Ｓｃ＿２Ｏ＿３催化剂体系中，此顺磁信号基本消失。以上结果为三价金属离子（Ａｌ￣（３＋）、Ｓｃ￣（３＋））在ＺｎＯ晶格掺杂诱生正一价缺位从而有利于Ｃｕ以＋１价态存在的观点，提供了新证据。     

水滑石及柱撑水滑石的制备和表征

制备了水滑石Ｍｇ６Ａｌ２（ＯＨ）１６ＣＯ３．４Ｈ２Ｏ和类水滑石Ｍｇ４Ａｌ２（ＯＨ）１２（ＮＯ３）２．４Ｈ２Ｏ，Ｚｎ６Ａｌ２（ＯＨ）１６ＣＯ３．４Ｈ２Ｏ它们的晶体结构基本相似，热稳定性都不很高，２００℃时将失去全部结晶水，２００～４５０℃时将失去全部层间阴离子，以及大部分ＯＨ＾－。用离子交换法和共沉淀法制轩了１，５－二萘磺酸柱撑水滑石Ｍｇ４Ａｌ２（ＯＨ）１２（Ｃ１０Ｈ６（ＳＯ３）２）．４Ｈ２Ｏ，其层     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.