Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River＇s running through Sanmen Gorges

In the east of Xiaolangdi, many river terraces are developed at the exit of the Yellow River Gorges. Among them the terraces in Kouma, Yanshi of Henan Province are most typical, where the Yellow River developed three staircase terraces, among which the altitude of gravel stratum of the topmost terrace is 30-35 m higher than the river level.The top of the gravel stratum was covered by 60 m eolian loess deposits which have many brownish-red paleosol strips.And the paleosol $14 is at its bottom. Research on systematic magnetostratigraphy and paleosol-loess matching indicates that the bottom age of the loess on the topmost terrace is 1165 ka. Therefore, it can be concluded that the terrace develops no later than 1.165 Ma and the situation that the Yellow River runs through Sanmen Gorges and inpours into East China Sea happened at least before 1.165 Ma.     

黄河山陕峡谷保德-克虎段高阶地砾石层的初步研究

野外考察发现山西黑峪口地区存在七级阶地序列,其中上覆红粘土的T6、T7阶地为晚第三纪阶地.对该区阶地上砾石的岩性和粒径进行了研究,岩性对比表明,T6、T7阶地上砾石的岩性与黄河低阶地上砾石的岩性相似,而与东西向的蔚汾河阶地岩性差别较大;上下游之间对比发现,灰岩砾石岩性由保德地区占主导地位到克虎地区退居次要地位,灰岩砾石的粒径也从上游向下游变小,说明该区晚第三纪阶地并非东西向河流形成的,而是古黄河或古南北向水系的产物.T7阶地上覆盖厚度70m以上的粉、细砂层和晚第三纪红土层,磁性地层研究表明,该层的底部时代在6.8Ma左右,T6阶地上覆红粘土的底部年龄在3.3Ma左右,山陕峡谷由北向南流的古河流在6.8Ma之前已经形成,T6阶地的形成时代与青藏运动A幕相对应.青藏运动A幕以来河流在该区下切了160m,平均下切速率约为青藏运动A幕以前平均下切速率的5倍以上.     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0.6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the geomorphology community of whether there exists a 0.8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0. 6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the ge-omorphology community of whether there exists a 0. 8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1. 0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

Terrace dating as an archive of the run-through of the Sanmen Gorges

Analysis of morphological properties in the Sanmen Gorges region of the Yellow River shows that four river terraces have been developed at the entrance to the gorges. Commonly, thick aeolian loess-paleosol sequence was deposited on the terraces, which makes it easy to date the terraces. The dating of paleomagnetic, loess-paleosol sequence matching and thermoluminescence show that terraces T₂, T₃ and T₄ were formed 0.129 Ma, 0.625 Ma and 0.865 Ma ago, respectively. The formation of these terraces in this region indicates that the Yellow River has experienced four intensive downcutting events during the last 0.9 Ma. The Yellow River cut through the Sanmen Gorges and inpoured into the East China Sea no later than 0.865 Ma.     

黄河中游的地貌与地文期问题

上起积石峡下至三门峡的黄河中游地区在晚新生代期间发育了一级夷平面、一级剥蚀面和七级河流阶地。夷平面形成于２．４Ｍａ以前的晚第三纪，剥蚀面形成于２．４～１．８Ｍａ Ｂ．Ｐ的第四纪初期；黄河的七级阶地分别是开始于１３００、１１００、７８０、５９０、１４０、５０、１０ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ的河流下切形成的，其原因在于构造的脉动式上升。基于上述研究成果，我们将每一地貌面形成的时期定义为一个地文期，它与其后因构造运动     

Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang

Eolian loess is widely distributed on the various geomorphic surfaces between 700–2400 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of the Tian Shan. It is formed in a synchronous manner with dust transported from the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Junggar Basin. The thickest section of loess was found in the Shawan and Shihezi regions. Paleomagnetic and climatic proxy analyses of over 71 m of a loess-paleosol sequence on the highest terrace of the Qingshui He (River) in the Shawan show that the paleomagnetic Bruhues/Matuyama (B/M) boundary lies at the bottom of paleosol S8, at a depth of 69.5 m, and the bottom of the sequence was estimated to be ∼0.8 Ma. This implies that the extremely dry climatic conditions in the Junggar Basin and the initial Gurbantunggut Desert were present at least by 0.8 Ma. High-resolution grain size series demonstrate that this area and desert expansion experienced two dramatic periods of desert expansions that occurred at ∼0.65 Ma and 0.5 Ma, respectively; and the subsequent continuous enhancement led to the environment presently observed. This tremendous environmental effect, caused by large-scale expansion of the desert and arid region of inner Asia, might be an important driving force for the global temperature drop that occurred in the mid-Pleistocene.     

神木邱家鄢最高阶地的年代及对中游黄河演化的指示

通过详细的野外调查,发现陕西神木邱家鄢地区存在一古河流阶地,根据该阶地上覆晚第三系红粘土推测该阶地为晚第三纪形成的。对该阶地上覆地层进行调查表明,该区晚第三纪红粘土之下存在约53米的风成砂层和河流相砂层。对红粘土和粉砂层进行古地磁测年样品的采集和测试。古地磁研究结果表明,该剖面底部的年代约在6．8 Ma左右,而红粘土与粉砂层之间的界限在6．27 Ma。根据深度－年代之间的关系,推算得出底部粉砂层的沉积速率比上部红粘土的沉积速率要快10倍以上,结合区域气候变化和构造运动历史的研究,邱家鄢剖面在（6．8－6．27）Ma之间快速沉积粉砂层的来源可能是中游黄河的河漫滩,指示了山陕峡谷段南北流向的古黄河可能在中新世晚期的6．8 Ma以前已经在该区出现。     

北京西山清水河马兰台的形成时代与环境

从沉积学论证马兰阶地是气候阶地,关键在于进行砾石层的大筛分,马兰期砾石层9个样品和现代清水河河床16个样品大筛分的结果表明,马兰期砾石层属于冰缘气候条件下的河流沉积,根据顶部古土壤层和下部砂质粘土层的^14C测年数据,确定马兰期砾石层出露部分的堆积年代为距今30000－13000a B.P.,马兰阶地大约形成于11000a B.P..。     

黄土高原河流演化研究中的几个地学问题——与朱照宇、丁仲礼先生商榷

以河流阶地与堆积黄土、河流起源与冰期、河流演化与新构造运动等3个问题与《专著》商榷.其中风成黄土不应属河流冲积阶地组分,黄土层厚度尺寸不应计入河流阶地面高度中;河流起源应考虑冰期要素,离石黄土中第二砂质黄土层应属鄱阳冰期层位.冰期前为河流起源Ⅰ期,冰期后为河流起源Ⅱ期;河流演化是在新构造运动支配下发生,黄河、洛河、汾河等演化均属各自流域内多个盆地间贯通的首次演化;河流尚有跨两大已成河流域间的二次演化;给出了洛河演化模式阶地位相图.     

山西临猗杨范第四纪沉积剖面初步研究

通过对杨范剖面黄土地层岩性特征、沉积结构、质量磁化率和频率磁化率的分析及与深海氧同位素曲线的对比,划分了剖面地层,初步确定了黄土沉积始于1.20 Ma B P,黄土沉积以来该区发生了13次大的干冷-暖湿气候变化;沉积转型指示河流强烈加积转变为河流侵蚀,代表约在1.20 Ma B P发生过一次强烈的构造抬升事件。     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

Chronology of the stratum containing the skull of the Dali Man

The field investigations of geomorphology and Quaternary sediment sequences show that the sediment stratigraphic profile containing the skull of the Homo sapiens Daliensis (Dali Man) at Tianshuigou trench, Jiefang Village (109° 44′E, 34°52′N), Dali County, Shaanxi Province, is composed of the loess-paleosol sequence, 17.3 m thick, in the upper part, and the alluvial silts, fine sands and sandy gravels interbedded, 15.4 m thick, in the lower part. There are the well developed layers L₁, S₁, L₂ and S₂ in the loess-paleosol sequence of the profile, which are comparable; to those of the Luochuan loess section on the basis of magnetic succeptibility measurements and IRSL dating of the loess samples. An alluvial gravel layer, where the skull of the Dali Man was discovered, is in 13 m beneath the bottom of paleosol S₂, implying that, the age of the Dali Man must be older than about 247 kaBP when the paleosol S₂ began to be developed. The samples of mammal animal tooth and shell fossils from the gravel layer containing the skull of the Dali Man have been dated by uranium series and ESR methods respectively. Based on the multiple dating results and the stratigraphic chronology, the age of the Dali Man, therefore, would be estimated as older than 250 kaBP and younger than 350 kaBP, and reasonably estimated as 260–300 kaBP.     

黄土高原黄土地层分区及其地层结构

黄土地层序列同黄土地貌分区有成因上的联系,不同成因的地貌环境其黄土地层结构不同.依据地貌区划结合黄土地层特征可将黄土高原黄土地层划分为以下四个主要分区:1.梁峁地层区.该区又可分为六盘山以西及以东两个亚区;2.源地层区.又可细分为塬亚区.台塬亚区及山麓塬亚区;3.山间盆地地层区;4.河谷地层区。     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin, China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin,China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

汉江上游谷地黄褐土粒度组成特征及其意义

对汉江上游谷地河流一级阶地上黄褐土的粒度组成进行了分析.结果显示:剖面下部黄土的粒度参数数值(σ=1.72,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和粒度分布曲线与古土壤的参数(σ=1.73,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和曲线一致,而与区内典型洪水滞流沉积物洪水SWD(σ=1.9,Kg=1.10,S=1.20)不同;在粒度成分三角图中,黄土和古土壤集中落在小的区域内,而洪水SWD呈分散分布;黄土的Y值均小于—2.741 1,而洪水SWD大多数样品Y值大于—2.741 1.这证明汉江上游谷地古土壤S0继承了黄土的基本特征,两者具有风成堆积物的特性.与渭河谷地典型黄土对比,汉江上游谷地的黄土粒度与其十分相似,说明二者具有同源性.     

粤东地区的河流阶地

 依据广东东部超过32条河流、55处河流阶地、至少25个¹⁴C、热释光的冲积层测龄数据等情况,可知：粤东最多有6级河流阶地,最大阶地高度70 m且靠近现代主河床分布。从上游向下游第一级阶地明显变形：龙川县黎咀镇上游为常态阶地,黎咀镇下游至博罗县园洲镇为半埋藏阶地,园洲镇下游进入东江三角洲为埋藏阶地。而且该冲积物时代有渐新趋势,反映晚更新世河源地区的构造抬升较早或速率较快,中下游地区构造逐渐稳定或下沉。粤东至少有12处较典型的剥夷面砾石层。其特怔：① 分布海拔20～210 m,与当地剥蚀台地高度相似;② 位于当地级别最高、分布面积大的河流阶地上;③ 石岩镇玉律、平陵镇、东坑镇、水唇镇、龙母镇张坊等剥夷面砾石层由昔日河流形成,其谷中谷成为今日小河（只有狭窄河床河漫滩,或许有第一级河流阶地）,今昔河流发育相隔数十万年;④ 剥夷面有两个倾斜方向：流域内向河谷和向下游倾斜;总体上由南岭向南海倾斜。     

巧家盆地河流沉积与重矿物特征对金沙江贯通的指示

通过对云南巧家盆地第四纪河流沉积和重矿物特征的研究,探讨金沙江下游巧家段水系的发展和演化过程。研究结果表明:1.6 Ma B.P.之前巧家盆地开启后,古金沙江巧家段南流水系也随之形成,并在盆地内发育了至少3期河流沉积,当时为宽阔的辫状河沉积环境,物源区位于巧家以北至四川西昌-昭觉一带的黑水河和西溪河流域,河流将玄武岩、灰岩、砂岩等砂砾携带至盆地中堆积,重矿物组合为锆石-绿帘石-金红石-电气石-角闪石-磷灰石;在0.5 Ma B.P.之前,由于云南高原的隆升使得古金沙江巧家段水系南流受阻,并在古水系支流的溯源侵蚀下被袭夺,造成巧家河段的倒转北流,金沙江贯通,巧家段水系物源区发生巨大变化,河流开始将金沙江中上游流域的板岩、千枚岩、片岩以及石英岩等砂砾带至盆地,重矿物类型中也开始出现石榴子石,在构造活跃期河流不断向西迁移并进行下切,形成了金沙江4级阶地。巧家盆地河流沉积与重矿物特征及相关年代的研究显示,巧家段水系的袭夺倒流,金沙江的贯通应发生于0.5 Ma B.P.之前。     

Development of a pediment on western slopes of Liupan Mountain related to the Neotectonic Uplift

The late Cenozoic uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau plays an important role in adjacent geomorphic evolution and depositional environments. Liupan Mountain, located at the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, has different landforms on the east and west sides. Recently, a pediment, which lies above the highest terrace of the Yellow River at the northeast edge of Longzhong Basin, has been described. The paleomagnetic measurements indicate that the pediment had developed at least 1.8 MaBP and its age is in accordance with that of the peneplains near Lanzhou and Linxia, in the southwest of Longzhong Basin. The results suggest that the Longzhong Basin lying to the west of Liupan Mountain had been subject to erosion and developed an extensive pediment; this pediment is named the Gansu Period Peneplain. It also indicates that Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Liupan Mountain were uplifted strongly at that time, which caused not only the end of pediplanation but also Yellow River appearance and loess accumulation.