面向磁约束聚变实验的先进中子发射谱仪诊断的研究

本文评述了EAST和HL－2A托卡马克装置上开展的聚变发射中子谱仪研究的进展．面向等离子体物理研究和ITER装置中子诊断技术发展的最新需求,针对EAST和HL-2A托卡马克装置的低中子产额（10^9-10^11s^-1）场,设计和发展了全数字化的液体闪烁谱仪和芪晶体中子谱仪．进行了EAST和HL-2A放电实验聚变中子产额随时间演化规律的研究,开展了HL-2A装置上NBI辅助加热效果的评估和EAST聚变等离子体锯齿震荡的中子通量诊断．使用液体闪烁谱仪和芪晶体中子谱仪测量实现了EAST放电的芯部聚变离子温度诊断,首次将托卡马克装置实验中子能谱直接诊断离子温度的下限推到1keV以下．在EAST装置上建设的双环式球形阵列中子飞行时间谱仪将为托卡马克装置辅助加热和快离子物理研究打下坚实的基础．     

我国磁约束聚变研究进展和展望

我国磁约束聚变近年来在工程技术发展和物理研究方面都取得了一些重要进展,一些研究已与未来聚变反应堆所涉及的重大前沿课题密切相关。随着HL-2A装置的不断完善和国际上第一个非圆截面全超导托卡马克EAST的投入运行,以及中国加入国际热核实验反应堆计划,为中国聚变事业带来了前所未有的发展机遇。     

基于碳化硼慢化体和涂硼微结构中子探测器的通用中子能谱仪设计和解谱方法研究

本文提出了一种基于碳化硼慢化体和涂硼微结构中子探测器的通用中子能谱仪设计方法, 获得了计算最优慢化体厚度和探测器响应函数的通用公式, 并用蒙特卡罗方法进行了验证和修正, 可实现对中子能谱仪的快速设计. 该类能谱仪可实现各中子响应函数之间的解耦, 使每个探测器对各个分立能量区间的中子最为敏感, 具有较强适用性和灵活性. 基于该方法, 我们设计了一个用于硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）超热中子能谱测量的能谱仪, 通过Gravel算法实现了中子能谱解析, 并提出了一种具有良好普适性的基于响应函数的预置谱设置方法. 结果表明, 该能谱仪对单能中子的峰位解析精度约为1%, 对BNCT连续谱的解析均方差约为0.76%, 具有较大技术优势和可行性.     

冷聚变与熵

本文提出了一种纳米托卡马克的可能模型,以阐释冷聚变中遇到的熵问题。     

合肥“人造太阳”获国际聚变界肯定

第21届IAEA聚变能大会16日开幕。与往届大会通常只有欧洲、美国和日本的3个托卡马克被列在汇报名单中不同，这次聚变能会议上，我国自行研制、建造的EAST托卡马克（俗称“人造太阳”）首次被列入名单，并作为大会的第一个报告，由此可见国际聚变界对第一个全超导托卡马克EAST的关注。     

我国激光惯性约束聚变实验研究进展

介绍国内自2000年以来的激光惯性聚变（inertial confrnementfusion,ICF）实验研究进展,主要内容为神光Ⅱ激光装置上的实验,也对刚建成不久的神光III原型装置上的实验作简要介绍。在神光Ⅱ激光装置上开展了多项的物理实验研究,进行了系列综合和分解实验,获得的主要实验技术指标为：黑腔峰值辐射温度超过二百万度;辐射驱动DT聚变中子产额达10^8和辐射驱动压缩DD燃料密度超过10倍液氘密度;辐射不透明的样品温度接近100eV。在神光Ⅱ装置上得到这些结果表明国内在惯性约束聚变研究方面取得了显著的进步。随着神光Ⅲ原型装置建造的完成,2007年在该装置上进行了首轮物理实验,开展了黑腔物理和辐射内爆物理实验,首轮实验的成功说明神光Ⅲ原型装置已具备实验能力。     

MCNP在惯性约束聚变核探测中的初步应用

随着惯性约束聚变的发展,对聚变产物特别是中子探测的定量分析变得非常重要。采用三维Monte Carlo输运程序MCNP(Monte Carlo N-particle),对不同铅屏蔽厚度下探测器的DT中子相对灵敏度,和中子半影成像的数值模拟进行了一定的研究。结果显示,相对灵敏度的模拟与实验结果符合得很好,而中子成像模拟能为惯性约束聚变物理实验的开展提供指导。     

聚变堆氦冷固态增殖包层中子学分析

聚变堆固态包层框架下,针对初步设计的聚变堆氦冷固态包层进行了中子学分析。选择增殖区的氚增殖剂和中子倍增剂分层分布方案,建立了20°对称D型轮胎环全堆计算模型,对聚变中子源分布离散化处理。借助M on te-C arlo粒子输运程序M CNP对聚变堆包层的氚增殖性能和核热功率进行了计算。结果表明,堆总体氚增殖率达到1.247,核热密度峰值在赤道包层模块,能够实现聚变堆运行的氚自持条件。     

月球氦-3与未来的新能源

一、一种更安全、更高效率的聚变能源当前 ,世界范围内聚变研究主要集中在氘—氚反应 ,因为它比较容易点火 ,然而这种反应释放能量的８０%是由中子携带 ,因而将导致反应堆的结构部件严重损伤 ,同时诱发结构材料产生大量放射性 ,给环境安全、维修、更换部件带来一定困难。于是 ,人们开始探索所谓先进燃料聚变 ,研究得比较多的是Ｄ ３Ｈｅ反应。它基本上不产生中子 ,仅仅由于Ｄ Ｄ副反应产生大约１%～５%（与燃料混合比有关）的中子功率 ,可以大大减轻材料的辐射损伤和降低感生放射性的水平 ,不会产生高放射性水平的核废料。由于中子壁负载降…     

裂变—聚变混合堆概念：关于先进反应堆的一个新思路

提出了裂变聚变混合堆概念，它与人们熟知的聚变裂变混合堆概念具有本质区别．在此概念中，把６ＬｉＤ元件引入到常规的热中子反应堆的堆芯中，使得在发生常规热中子链式反应的同时，还引发了氘氚聚变反应和（ｎ，２ｎ）、（ｎ，３ｎ）中子倍增及（ｎ，ｃ）中子俘获反应，从而获得燃料增殖．如果此概念得以研究开发并付诸实现，有可能使核资源寿命延长数倍     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-