单轴压缩声发射试验的页岩损伤演化规律

为获得受载页岩准确的损伤演化规律和声发射特征,完善以往受载岩石损伤单调增大的理论,进一步扩展对受载岩石内部损伤演化机理的认识,对陆相页岩进行单轴压缩声发射试验。试验结果表明:页岩单轴压缩过程分为4个阶段:压密阶段-弹性变形阶段-弹塑性变形阶段-峰后破坏阶段,压密阶段、弹性变形阶段和弹塑性变形前期有少量声发射信号,页岩峰值应力前后有大量声发射信号,特别是峰后破坏阶段,声发射信号急剧上升,声发射探头能够捕捉岩石的压密、裂纹的扩展和连通信息,声发射信号能够反映页岩内部微细观损伤演化过程;页岩平行层理面方向和垂直层理面方向的岩石损伤演化和声发射特征差别较大,因此对于层理性岩石不能忽略层理对岩石力学性质的影响;页岩压密阶段内部的微孔洞、微裂隙、宏观裂缝、层理被压实,损伤减小,页岩弹性模量不降反增,应力-应变曲线呈下凹型,首次提出受载岩石损伤先减小后增大,建立了更加合理的基于声发射特征的页岩单轴压缩损伤本构模型。     

声发射地应力测量中凯塞点的确定

准确判断凯塞点是岩石声发射地应力测量中的重点和难点 ,目前还没有一种有效的确定方法。对砂岩声发射试验中声发射信号的重标区间 (R/S)进行了分析 ,发现lg(R/S)与时间间隔对数值具有很好的线性相关性 ,相关系数均大于 0 .97,这表明声发射信号曲线具有分形特征。研究还发现 ,不同载荷阶段声发射信号曲线的赫斯特指数 (H)可反映声发射信号强弱变化的趋势。当H >0 .5时 ,声发射信号趋于加强 ;H <0 .5时 ,声发射信号趋于减弱。根据这一规律 ,通过计算声发射信号曲线的赫斯特指数 (或分形维数 ) ,便可确定声发射试验中的凯塞点。实践证明这是一种确定凯塞点的有效方法。     

声发射地应力测量中凯塞点的确定

准确判断凯塞点是岩石声射地应力测量中的重点和难点,目前还没有一种有效的确定方法。对砂岩声发射试验中声发射信号的重标区间（R／S）进行了分析,发现lg(R/S)与时间间隔对数值具有很好的线性相关性,相关系数均大于0．97,这表明声发射信号曲线具有分形特征。研究还发现,不同载荷阶段声发射信号曲线的赫斯特指数（H）可反映声发射信号强弱变化的趋势。当H＞0．5时,声发射信号趋于加强;H＜0．5时,声发射信号趋于减弱。根据这一规律,通过计算声发射信号曲线的赫斯特指数（或分形维数）,便可确定声发射试验中的凯塞点。实践证明这是一种确定凯塞点的有效方法。     

单轴载荷作用下岩石损伤演化及声发射特性研究

本文通过对两种不同岩石试样进行了单轴载荷破坏过程中声发射特性试验,得到了岩石全应力应变破坏过程中,声发射事件时间序列、事件累计数时间序列等声发射特性,分析了岩样损伤破裂不同阶段与声发射参数的内在联系与特征规律,研究表明,声发射信息反映岩石内部的损伤破坏情况,与其内部原生裂隙的压密及新裂隙的产生、扩展、贯通等演化过程密切相关,通过声发射事件数参数拟合出的理论应力应变曲线能够合理地反映岩石实际的应力应变和损伤演化特性,对预测预报岩石破坏失效的过程具有有着极其重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

片麻岩各向异性力学特性试验研究

岩石的各向异性力学特性对工程安全稳定性具有重要的作用。以片麻岩为研究对象,对垂直层理和平行层理的岩样开展了波速试验、单轴压缩和点荷载试验,分析了其强度特性,讨论了岩样的破坏特征及破裂模式。结果表明:在垂直层理和平行层理两种情况下,片麻岩的波速和强度差别明显,表现出各向异性特征;在垂直层理条件下,片麻岩的点荷载强度指标Is(50)与单轴压缩强度之间的换算系数为21. 25,而平行层理条件下为14. 46;单轴压缩试验中,垂直层理的岩样以拉-剪复合模式破坏,平行层理的岩样以张拉模式破坏;在圆盘形试样的点荷载试验中,试样破裂主要有2块和3块的形式,垂直层理和平行层理加载的破坏形式也存在一定差别。     

不同围压条件下花岗岩压缩破坏声发射特征细观数值模拟

采用颗粒流软件PFC2D从细观上对侧限压缩下的非均匀花岗岩岩样进行了声发射(AE)时空特征研究.结果表明,随着围压的增加,岩样破坏的峰值荷载提高,破坏形式由突发失稳逐渐转变为渐进式破坏.岩样声发射的峰值出现时间和岩样的峰值破坏不同步,存在一定的滞后,大约出现在峰后90%峰值荷载处.在岩样破坏前均存在声发射的相对平静期,围压的大小不仅对声发射的时序特征有显著影响,而且声发射相对平静期也随着围压的增加而延长.通过对应变能的追踪,发现在声发射相对平静期存在应变能被吸收的现象,验证了在岩石破坏过程中存在损伤愈合过程.     

声发射能量累积与煤岩损伤演化关系初探

为了寻求煤及岩石在受载破坏过程中能量积累与应力应变之间的关系,分别对煤矿的煤和泥岩进行了单轴加载及声发射试验,得到了煤岩试样单轴加载试验过程中声发射能量累积、应力与应变之间的关系曲线。利用损伤力学基本原理和热力学定律,理论推导了煤岩损伤演化方程,进而得到损伤与声发射能量累积关系曲线,通过拟合损伤与声发射能量累积关系曲线初步推导得到了声发射能量累积与应力应变的理论关系,并通过试验结果验证了能量累积与应力应变关系。     

基于声发射实验层状砂岩力学特性及破坏机理

为了探究层理面影响下砂岩力学特性和破坏机理,采用声发射技术,开展砂岩单轴和巴西劈裂试验,研究砂岩拉压强度分布规律、应力-应变关系、破坏形式与声发射之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着层理角度从0°增加至90°,砂岩单轴抗压强度先减小再增大,呈U型分布,而劈裂拉伸强度呈增大趋势;砂岩在单轴和劈裂试验下应力-应变曲线具有明显的各向异性;在单轴试验下,当层理角度为0°,15°,75°和90°时,砂岩破坏形式为压缩破坏,当层理角度为30°,45°和60°时,砂岩破坏形式为沿弱面剪切破坏;在劈裂试验下,圆盘均沿着中心起裂破坏形式为拉伸破坏;随着层理角度从0°增加至90°,在单轴和劈裂试验下,裂纹发展所对应的轴向应变率降低,裂纹贯通困难,破坏所需峰值应力增大;峰值应力越大,对应的声发射能量率越大。     

永川煤矿T3xj4砂岩声发射特性及Felicity效应研究

在单轴和循环加载条件下对永川煤矿砂岩损伤破坏全过程的声发射特性进行了系统研究,结果表明:砂岩声发射类型与MOGI-I相似,应力应变全过程曲线对应的Kaiser点、屈服点及峰值点处声发射信号明显;随着循环加载水平的增加,不同轴向应力和轴向应变阶段对应的Felicity效应比值越来越小,反映了岩石损伤程度的增加。     

峰后脆性对非均质岩石试样破坏及全部变形的影响

在平面应变压缩条件下,采用FLAC模拟峰后脆性对含初始随机材料缺陷的岩样的破坏过程、前兆、声发射及全部变形特征的影响.利用若干FISH函数预置初始随机缺陷,计算全部变形特征,并统计每10个时间步内的破坏单元数.密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为.缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为.不同脆性岩石的峰后的应力-轴向应变曲线、应力-侧向应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体积应变-轴向应变曲线及由侧向应变及轴向应变计算得到的泊松比-轴向应变曲线于应力峰值之前发生分离.由于缺陷的依次破坏,在初始加载阶段之后,计算得到的泊松比随着轴向应变的增加而直线上升,这使侧向应变增加的速度超过轴向应变增加的速度.随着峰后脆性的降低,岩样失稳破坏的前兆变得明显,破坏变得不突然.脆性越强的材料,体积膨胀之后发生应变软化越早;剪切应变集中的位置越少;在硬化阶段及软化阶段,声发射持续的时间越短.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that